石化废水易降解成分对活性污泥耗氧抑制毒性评价的干扰因素

为评价某石化混合废水的毒性,采用活性污泥耗氧速率抑制试验研究不同φ(石化废水)对活性污泥中不同菌群的抑制及其影响因素. 结果表明,所用石化废水对活性污泥中的硝化细菌具有明显毒性,其EC₅₀(半抑制效应浓度,以φ计)为9%左右;同时,该废水对异养菌的耗氧具有较强的促进作用,φ(石化废水)为100%时I_H(异养菌耗氧速率抑制率,131%)最高,这种促进作用对R_T(总耗氧速率)测定有显著影响(R=0.991,P<0.05),因此,仅以R_T评价废水毒性容易造成对废水真实毒性的低估. 5种常见易降解基质(乙酸钠、葡萄糖、甲醇、生活污水、丙酸钠)中,ρ(甲醇)为15 mg/L时对异养菌促进效果显著(P<0.05),促进率达50%以上;而在高浓度条件下,乙酸钠、葡萄糖、甲醇、丙酸钠对异养菌均有显著促进作用(P<0.05),R_H(异养菌耗氧速率)最高提高了182%. 研究显示,石化废水中的乙酸盐等易降解成分是活性污泥耗氧速率抑制试验的重要干扰因素.      

河岸缓冲区氮素截留研究进展

河岸缓冲区对氮素的有效截留以阻止其进入河流已得到广泛的认可,是美国资源局所认可的一种最佳管理措施。总结河岸缓冲区中氮素截留的主要机制、影响因素及缓冲区的管理原则。最主要截留机制为反硝化作用与植物吸收,相应的最主要影响因素是缓冲区的水文特征。为达到较好的氮素截留效率,必须重建退化的缓冲区、保护缓冲区的完整性与不受干扰,并与其他流域管理措施相结合。     

反硝化除磷机理及电子受体研究进展

介绍了生物除磷的Comeau-Wentzel模式,这种模式在某种程度上能够解释生物除磷的机理,因此PAOs释磷和吸磷的Comeau-Wentzel模式被借鉴用以分析反硝化除磷的机理。在此基础上,总结近年来反硝化除磷的研究成果,阐述电子受体NOx-对反硝化除磷的影响:在厌氧区,只有当NO3-浓度较高时,厌氧释磷的效果才会受到影响;在缺氧区,硝酸盐能够做为反硝化除磷的电子受体,但硝酸盐浓度过高会明显降低磷去除速率;亚硝酸盐同样能够作为反硝化除磷的电子受体,前提是亚硝酸盐不超过临界抑制浓度。     

Biodegradability of soil water soluble organic carbon extracted from seven di erent soils

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is considered the most mobile and reactive soil carbon source and its characterization is an important issue for soil ecology study. A biodegradability test was set up to study WSOC extracted from 7 soils di erently managed. WSOC was extracted from soil with water (soil/water ratio of 1:2, W/V) for 30 min, and then tested for biodegradability by a liquid state respirometric test. Result obtained confirmed the finding that WSOC biodegradability depended on the both land use and management practice. These results suggested the biodegradability test as suitable method to characterize WSOC, and provided useful information to soil fertility.     

Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

多环芳烃在土壤-蔬菜界面上的迁移与积累特征

研究了南京市工业区周边污染农田土壤中16种优先控制的多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物由土壤向蔬菜迁移的特征及其在蔬菜体内的积累规律.结果表明,蔬菜体内PAHs的浓度与其生长土壤环境中PAHs的浓度呈正相关关系,且土壤中PAHs的浓度显著高于生长在该土壤上的蔬菜根和茎叶组织中的浓度(p<0.05),根中PAHs的浓度显著高于茎叶组织中的浓度(p<0.05).蔬菜根中低环PAHs与PAHs总浓度的比值（∑LMW-PAHs∑PAHs）显著高于其土壤中相应的比例(p<0.05).与高环PAHs（HMW-PAHs）相比,LMW-PAHs易被蔬菜根部吸收,表现出较高的生物有效性.生长在同种污染土壤中的4种叶菜类蔬菜体内PAHs的浓度差异不显著,即这4种蔬菜吸收积累PAHs的差异较小.     

Modelling sulphate-enhanced cadmium uptake by Zea mays from nutrient solution under conditions of constant free Cd2+ ion activity

A controlled hydroponic experiment was undertaken to investigate Cd uptake in relation to the activity of Cd species in solution other than the free ion (Cd²⁺) by maintaining a constant Cd²⁺ activity under variable SO₄₂⁻ and Cl⁻ concentrations exposed to maize (Zea mays var. Cameron) plants. The objectives of these experiments were: (1) to distinguish and quantify the different uptake rates of free and inorganic-complexed Cd from nutrient solution, and (2) to model the uptake of Cd by maize with a Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) in a system which facilitates the close examination of root characteristics. Results of the current experiments suggest that, in addition to the free ion, CdSO₄⁰ complexes are important factors in determining Cd uptake in nutrient solution by maize plants. Higher nominal SO₄²⁻ concentrations in solution generally resulted in a greater Cd accumulation by maize plants than predicted by the Cd²⁺ activity. A better integration of the complete dataset for the 3 harvest times (6, 9 and 11 days after treatment) was achieved by including consideration of both the duration of Cd exposure and especially the root surface area to express Cd uptake. Similarly, the fit of the BLM was also improved when taking into account exposure time and expressing uptake in terms of root morphological parameters.     

3种浮床植物生长特性及氮、磷吸收的优化配置研究

选取美人蕉、再力花和千屈菜3种当地常见植物作为研究对象,构建上海市淀山湖富营养化治理生态浮床工程,对3种植物的生长特性、氮磷吸收能力的优化配置进行比较研究.结果表明,成活率为:美人蕉83.33%,再力花83.33%,千屈菜为76.67%.除千屈菜外,其他2种植物基本没有出现病虫害,收割时再力花和美人蕉两种植物的生物量较移栽时均有明显增加,分别为3.65kg/株和2.40kg/株;3种植物对水体TN、TP的吸收能力差异显著(P￡0.05),单位面积磷吸收量排序为美人蕉>再力花>千屈菜;单位面积氮吸收量大小排序为再力花>美人蕉>千屈菜.美人蕉与再力花栽种面积比为4:3时,混作浮床系统比单种美人蕉时磷吸收量低7.72g/m2,但是氮吸收量却高85.42g/m2,所以此种面积搭配的浮床系统能够在保证较高水平磷吸收量的条件下,具有比单种美人蕉的浮床系统更强的氮去除能力;美人蕉与再力花栽种面积比为3:4时,混作浮床系统较单种再力花时氮吸收量降低21.09g/m2,磷吸收量高出7.72g/m2,故此面积搭配的混作浮床系统能够在保证氮吸收量较高的同时,比单种再力花的浮床系统吸收更多的磷.     

倒置AAO工艺聚磷微生物的吸磷行为

采用人工配水和市政污水研究了“缺氧-厌氧-好氧”(倒置AAO)脱氮除磷工艺中,聚磷微生物(PAOs)在低碳源、高硝酸盐环境下的释磷和吸磷行为.结果表明,在低碳源、高氮和磷环境中,尽管PAOs在缺氧厌氧段释磷程度低,如果适当延长厌氧段和好氧段的HRT、且好氧曝气较充分,仍能超量吸收磷.PAOs过量吸磷的能量来源不仅仅是厌氧段吸收与合成的胞内聚合物在好氧段的氧化,还来自好氧环境正常代谢过程中多余的能量.外加碳源的投加时间点对PAOs吸磷的影响不显著.PAOs在厌氧段后期出现过量吸磷现象,推测是细胞内有机物厌氧降解产生的ATP通过某种代谢途径被用于无机磷的吸收.     

不同磷初始浓度对紫萍生长及磷吸收效率的影响

采用室内模拟培养试验方法,研究不同磷初始浓度对紫萍生长及磷吸收效率的影响。结果表明,水体初始ρ（磷）为3.0 mg.L-1时,紫萍相对生长率最高,生长繁殖速度最快。当初始ρ（磷）为0.3～3.0 mg.L-1时,紫萍对水体中磷的去除率在70%以上。紫萍累积吸磷量和磷吸收能力均随磷初始浓度的升高而增加,但当初始ρ（磷）为45.0 mg.L-1时,紫萍累积吸磷量和单位鲜质量紫萍吸磷量均明显下降。当初始ρ（磷）≤1.5 mg.L-1时,紫萍体内酸性磷酸酶活性升高,但随着低磷胁迫时间的延长,低磷条件和高磷条件间酸性磷酸酶活性差异减小。