On the value of large predators in Sweden: a regional stratified contingent valuation analysis

This paper contributes with an applied policy analysis of the predator preservation policy in Sweden. We estimate the overall mean willingness to pay (WTP) for preserving the four large predators in the Swedish fauna by applying the contingent valuation method. Using survey data from 2004 we find that 50 percent of the Swedish population is willing to contribute financially toward implementation of the predator policy package, and that the estimated overall mean WTP is approximately SEK 290. Further, we test for spatial differences in attitudes and WTP and find that respondents in Stockholm have the highest overall mean WTP, while respondents living in wolf-territories have the lowest. Our mean WTP measure is flawed with upward bias, since we cannot estimate the willingness to accept for those with clearly negative preferences regarding the predator policy package (e.g. hunters). In this paper, we set their WTP equal to zero. Thus, we cannot rule out the possibility that the mean willingness to pay is, in fact, negative, i.e. the social-value of implementing the predator policy is negative. Finally, the estimates of the overall WTP are sensitive to response-uncertainty. When the respondents indicate uncertainty about their valuation, they tend to state higher values.     

Social goals and the valuation of natural capital

Valuation ultimately refers to the contribution of an item to meeting a specific goal or objective. Conventional economic valuation is based on the goal of allocative efficiency. But other social goals may be equally, if not more, important. For example, the goals of social fairness and ecological sustainability have been identified as being at least of the samelevel of importance as allocative efficiency. This paper looks atthe role of social goals in determining the basis for valuation ofnatural capital and ecosystem services, and sketches the characteristics of a system of valuation that would give equal weight to all three of the major social goals mentioned above. It also places these goals within a more comprehensive conceptualmodel of the economy and its relationship to the ecological lifesupport system in which it is embedded.     

生态系统调节水量的价值评估——兴山实例

根据植被类型、坡度和土壤类型，分析了兴山县集水区内不同植被地块调节水量的能力。并且根据水能学的原理，分析了枯水期和洪峰期葛洲坝水电站的发电量与水流量的关系，建立了水流发电模拟模型。在上述分析的基础上，评估了兴山县境内生态系统调节香溪河等河流的水量，改善长江全年来水的均匀度，提高葛洲坝水电站发电效率的经济价值。     

模糊综合评价在脱硫技术优选中的应用

基于模糊数学的基本原理，采用模糊矩阵和专家打分法(德尔菲法)相结合的方法，通过模糊综合评价来进行脱硫方案的优选。实例计算表明，此方法在脱硫技术优选中是可行的。     

生态系统服务功能价值评估方法综述

本文在回顾生态系统服务功能价值分类和评估方法的基础上,得出目前我国的生态系统服务功能价值评估方法正处于从学习、模仿向渐进成熟阶段过渡,通过对生态系统服务功能的价值评估方法的对比分析,得出生态系统功能价值评估方法选择应根据先直接市场法、再替代市场法、最后模拟市场法的基本原则进行.     

环境和自然资源的价值评估与价值实现

围绕如何发挥价值规律作用推动自然资源合理配置的问题，构建了从价值理论到评估方法到价值实现过程的分析思路。剖析了环境和自然资源价值本质和价值形成机制的特殊性，并以价值评估问题为重点，分析各种价值度量方法所揭示的价值内容、对价值实现的支持和局限，最后从政府决策的角度讨论了通过价值评估将环境和自然资源价值纳入经济过程的动力机制。认为：自然资源价值本质和内涵的独特性，决定了价值评估和实现过程的特殊性。人类能否将环境价值完整地表达出来，受到评价方法和人类对效用和稀缺性等认知能力的局限，尽管每一种价值评价方法所揭示的价值内涵是有所差异的，但到目前为止，这些方法仍是评价环境及自然资源价值的最佳可得的方法。     

ECONOMIC VALUATION OF RIPARIAN BUFFER AND OPEN SPACE IN A SUBURBAN WATERSHED1

Abstract: This study evaluates the economic value of riparian buffers and open space in a suburban watershed through two nonmarket valuation methods. A contingent valuation survey was implemented in the Dardenne Creek watershed, a suburban watershed of the St. Louis metropolitan area in Missouri, to evaluate the residents' perceptions of and willingness to pay (WTP) for adopting riparian buffers and preserving farmland in a hypothetical real estate market. A hedonic pricing model based on actual sale prices of homes in the watershed was applied to estimate the market value of open space and other environmental conditions such as flood zone and stream proximity in the study area. The results showed that residents' WTP was consistent with the economic values of open space and proximity to streams embedded in existing home prices. Through a better understanding of residents' perceptions and values, riparian buffer and open space programs can be designed and promoted to achieve greater implementation success and environmental benefit.     

WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR FLOOD RISK REDUCTION AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN JAPAN1

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to clarify public preferences for flood control measures in Japan, willingness to pay (WTP), and the main factors involved in WTP by applying the contingent valuation method. Findings showed that most residents surveyed expected some flood control measures, and revealed a diversity of interest in river management. WTP levels for different measures ranged from a mean of ¥2,887 to ¥4,861 and from a median of ¥1,000 to ¥2,000. However, WTP for additional flood risk reduction beyond initial levels was found to be zero. This was considered to be because WTP for flood risk reduction must be determined within a multi‐risk context. WTP for flood control measures may increase with per capita income, individual preparedness, and/or experience with flooding, but may decrease with distance from a river, acceptability of flood risk, and provision of environmental information. Furthermore, perception of flood risk may increase WTP, while perception of other risks may decrease it. Methods of dealing with environmental risk that were proposed in the survey may have affected WTP levels.     

自然资源与环境价值评估:条件估值法及应用原则探讨

自然资源与环境价值评估是当前环境经济学的研究热点,条件估值法C(VM)在国外经过近40年的发展已较为完善并已成为自然资源和环境价值评估的主要技术方法之一。但由于缺少一套完备的原则框架加以指导,国内具体实证研究存在不同的问题和困惑。论文系统回顾了条件价值法的国内外主要研究进展,基于国际上已建立的CVM原则并结合我国自然资源与环境价值评估的实际情形,提出了当前国内CVM研究可供遵循的9条建议性原则,涉及问卷设计与预调查、调查实施、数据分析和费用效益分析等各步骤。以此为基础对国内CVM价值评估研究存在的一些问题作了初步探讨。最后指出,环境资源价值评估CVM研究需要遵循的原则和注意的问题,可能还不止于所建原则,具体操作过程可能需要适时适地地调整并需要继续完善。     

过牧对草地生态系统服务价值的影响——以甘肃省玛曲县为例

文章以甘肃省玛曲县为例,通过对该县草地状况的分析,以玛曲县20世纪80年代草地状况作为过牧前状态,目前草地状况作为过牧后状态,探讨过牧对草地生态系统服务价值的影响,并通过对该县草地生态系统的分析,建立了过牧对草地生态系统服务价值影响评价指标体系,即食物生产、调节大气、营养物质循环与贮存、控制侵蚀、涵养水源、环境污染净化六大功能。最后运用生态经济学方法对过牧造成的经济损失进行了初步估算。结果表明,玛曲县由于过牧造成的直接和间接经济损失分别为:食物生产1.50×108元,调节大气1.04×109元,营养物质循环与贮存0.99×108元,控制侵蚀1.02×107元,涵养水源3.94×108元,环境污染净化2.9×107元,总经济损失达到1.72×109元,其中,间接经济损失占91.3%。