中国耕地资源的区域差异与保护问题

采用土地整理工程手段建设基本农田,有助于实现耕地数量保护与质量提高,但必须遵循因地制宜的原则。论文根据自然地理区划和各地区的地貌特征,从分布特点、地类结构和利用水平等方面,对中国耕地资源的现状进行分析;针对自然条件和经济发展水平的区域差异,提出各地区耕地资源建设和保护的方向与重点。东部季风区应重点完善农田水利设施,改造现有中低产田,提高土地生产能力;西北干旱区不宜大规模开发,要着重发展农业节水技术,提高水资源利用率,防治土地退化;青藏高原区则应限制开垦。在土地整理与耕地资源建设中,因地制宜具体表现在生态保护、量力而行和重在效用3个方面。     

中国陆地多年平均积温空间化研究

将海拔高度等反映区域特性的因子作为变量引入GIS空间化模型是提高气象数据估算精度的重要途径。根据聚类的思想,将研究区域进行聚类分区,使分区内积温分布特征一致性趋强。然后利用统计方法寻找各分区年积温随海拔变化的规律,以获得较高精度的估算结果。论文提出的基于分区DEM修正反距离空间化方法,与常用的空间化方法如克里格法、反距离平方法相比,解决了积温空间分布复杂性的问题,并一定程度上考虑了气象站点空间分布的稀疏性、不均匀性以及受海拔和区域差异等因素对积温分布的影响,具有较高的估算精度,适合于较大范围的年积温空间化。另外,由于气象台站分布在相对较低的区域,高海拔区域积温估算精度很低,利用此方法解决了高海拔区域积温估算的精度问题。     

Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Baiyangdian Lake, North China： Concentrations, sources profiles and potential risk

Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river(Fuhe River) in North China.Total concentrations of OCPs,PCBs and PAHs in sediments ranged from 5.4 to 707.6 ng/g,2.3 to 197.8 ng/g,and 101.3 to 6360.5 ng/g,respectively.The levels of contaminants in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake.For hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes(DDTs),α-HCH and p,p-DDT were predominant isomers;while for PCBs,PCB 28/31,PCB 40/103,PCB 60,PCB 101,and PCB 118 were predominant congeners.Possible sources derived from historical usage for OCPs and incomplete combustion fuel,wood,and coal and exhaustion of boats or cars for PAHs.Risk assessment of sediment indicated that sediments in Fuhe River were likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.     

Evaluation of phosphorus removal from wastewater by soils in rural areas in China

Low-cost, easy-maintenance and high-e ciency decentralized wastewater treatment technologies are urgently needed in rural areas of China. Processes with high potential for phosphorus removal are of great interest. However, commonly used treatment methods often do not meet the strict criteria for removing phosphorus from rural wastewater. In order to search an economic and simple technology for phosphorus removal from the common bio-technologies e uent, seven soil types collected from di erent rural areas in China were investigated for their ability to remove phosphorus. X-ray di raction (XRD) was used to analyse the mineral structure, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to analyse the geochemical composition of the soil samples. Three primary minerals – quartz, albite and montmorillonite – were clearly detected. The samples were divided into two soil types, acidic soils and alkaline soils, based on their pH values. The geochemical composition study indicated that a higher percentage of Ca and Mg occurred in alkaline soils (pH > 8) than in acidic soils (pH < 6.5). Adsorption isotherms from batch experiments fitted the Langmuir and Freundlich models well, the maximum P adsorption capacities ranged from 0.256 to 1.598 mg P/g, indicating a high phosphorus removal potential for all of these soils. The P fractions extracted revealed that the sum of NaOH-extracted inorganic P (NaOH-Pi) was the major P component in the acidic soils, and CaCO3-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) in the alkaline soils. Dynamic adsorption simulation showed that these soils have the ability to remove phosphorus from wastewater.     

Fractionation of heavy metals in shallow marine sediments from Jinzhou Bay, China

This work investigated the distribution and speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn in the shallow sediments of Jinzhou Bay, Northeast China, which has been heavily contaminated by nonferrous smelting activities. The concentrations of Cd, Cu and Pb in sediments were found to be 100, 13 and 7 times, respectively, being higher than the national guideline (GB 18668-2002). Sequential extraction test showed that 39%-61% of Cd were exchangeable fractions, indicating that Cd in the sediments posed a high risk to local...     

寄生噬菌体和细菌宿主的本土适应性

<正>"生物多样性"很大程度上取决于外来物种在本土环境中的适应和发展.通常来说,当生存环境发生改变时,寄生生物能为其宿主调节生存竞争压力.已有大量证据表明寄生虫和宿主的确具有本土适应性,但是我们对地球上最为丰富的微生物体——细菌和他们的寄生噬菌体却知之甚少.实际上,微生物多样性最终决定了生态系统的功能和环境的变化.最近一系列的科学研究引发了科学界对微生物多样性的另一话题:那就是生物因素和非生物因素对促进生物多样性的相对重要性.     

提供清洁电力 点亮美好生活 中国大唐集团公司2009年社会责任报告

集团公司概况 中国大唐集团公司（以下简称大唐）是中央直接管理的国有特大型发电企业集团,是国务院批准的国家授权投资的机构和国家控股公司试点。大唐经过组建七年来的科学发展,取得了在同行业中发展速度最快、结构调整最优、装备水平最好、能耗降幅最大的优异成绩。截至2009年底,集团在役及在建资产分布于全国28个省区市以及境外的缅甸、柬埔寨等国家和地区;在役发电装机容量1亿零17.23万千瓦,资产总额4778亿元。2010年,大唐入围世界500强,居412位。     

气候变化阴影里的中国农村妇女

无法忽视的＂脆弱性＂ 气候变暖引发的全球气候危机正成为威胁全人类的一个严峻挑战。干旱、风暴、洪水、冰川融化及海平面上升等气候变化导致的各种灾害不仅愈来愈频繁,而且也越来越严重。