La3+掺杂对吸附相反应制备TiO2复合催化剂的结晶过程及弱紫外光下活性的影响

利用吸附相反应技术制备弱紫外光响应的高效催化剂,并通过XRD、XPS以及HRTEM探索了不同焙烧温度下La3+掺杂量对TiO2结晶过程的影响.结合弱紫外光下甲基橙的降解反应,深入研究催化剂结晶过程的变化对弱紫外光下催化剂活性的影响.结果表明,La3+掺杂会抑制TiO2的结晶过程.当焙烧温度或者掺杂量较低时,La3+不能进入TiO2的晶格结构但会轻微地抑制TiO2的结晶过程;未进入晶格结构的La3+存在会引入光生载流子的浅能级捕获中心,在弱光体系中极大提升了催化剂的活性.当La3+的掺杂量为0.05%(原子分数)时,经过900℃焙烧后催化剂降解能力最高,其活性超过商用P25的2倍多.在较高La3+掺杂量(超过0.20%)时,900℃焙烧后一定量La3+进入TiO2的晶格结构而大大抑制了TiO2结晶;这种强烈的抑制作用使得催化剂中存在大量无定形结构TiO2,无定形TiO2甚至多于700℃焙烧后的催化剂,反而大大抑制了弱光体系中催化剂活性.     

Fenton氧化法处理有机污染物的降解规律探讨

为了预测新生或缺乏试验数据的含有机污染物废水的治理效果,本文通过试验对Fenton氧化法降解芳烃类、卤代物、杂环类等28种有机污染物的规律进行了研究。结果表明:在Fenton反应初始阶段,氧化反应剧烈,反应过程基本符合一级动力学方程,但随着时间的延长,反应趋于平缓;28种有机污染物色度平均去除率(Rcolor)为80.8±30.3%,TOC平均去除率(RTOC)为39.8±30.3%,约为色度平均去除率的0.44倍;以色度为表征的一级反应动力学常数(Kcolor)均大于对应的以TOC为表征的一级反应动力学常数(KTOC),且色度去除效率更高;Fenton氧化法对不同有机污染物的去除效果有显著差异,分子结构对称性强、水溶性较差的有机污染物如偶氮苯、蒽醌等的降解效果相对较差,而苯酚、苯胺等水溶性较好的有机污染物的降解效果相对较好,表明水溶性是影响有机污染物降解效果的重要因素。     

A pilot-scale study of cryolite precipitation from high fluoride-containing wastewater in a reaction-separation integrated reactor

Fluoride removal by traditional precipitation generates huge amounts of a water-rich sludge with low quality, which has no commercial or industrial value. The present study evaluated the feasibility of recovering fluoride as low water content cryolite from industrial fluoride-containing wastewater. A novel pilot-scale reaction-separation integrated reactor was designed. The results showed that the seed retention time in the reactor was prolonged to strengthen the induced crystallization process. The particle size of cryolite increased with increasing seed retention time, which decreased the water content. The recovery rate of cryolite was above 75% under an influent fluoride concentration of 3500 mg/L, a reaction temperature of 50℃, and an influent flow of 40 L/hr. The cryolite products that precipitated from the reactor were small in volume, large in particle size, low in water content, high in crystal purity, and recyclable.     

Soil microbial community structure and function responses to successive planting of Eucalyptus

Many studies have shown soil degradation after the conversion of native forests to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impacts of short-rotation forestry practices on soil microorganisms. The impacts of Eucalyptus successive rotations on soil microbial communities were evaluated by comparing phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） abundances, compositions, and enzyme activities of native Pinus massoniana plantations and adjacent 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation Eucalyptus plantations. The conversion from P. massoniana to Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased soil microbial community size and enzyme activities, and increased microbial physiological stress. However, the PLFA abundances formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions with Eucalyptus plantation age. Alternatively, physiological stress biomarkers, the ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid and Gram＋ to Gram- bacteria, formed ＂∩＂ shaped quadratic functions, and the ratio of cy17：0 to 16： 1ω7c decreased with plantation age. The activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase increased with Eucalyptus plantation age, while the cellobiobydrolase activity formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions. Soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and understory cover largely explained the variation in PLFA profiles while soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, and understory cover explained most of the variability in enzyme activity. In conclusion, soil microbial structure and function under Eucalyptus plantations were strongly impacted by plantation age. Most of the changes could be explained by altered soil resource availability and understory cover associated with successive planting of Eucalyptus. Our results highlight the importance of plantation age for assessing the impacts of plantation conversion as well as the importance of reducing disturbance for plantation management.     

钢渣湿法捕获CO_2反应机制研究

以炼钢过程中排放的固体废弃物钢渣为碳捕获剂,进行了钢渣湿法捕获烟气CO2工艺的实验研究。通过分析钢渣的组成成份及反应机理,研究液固比、反应温度、反应时间、pH值及反应产物等主要参数对钢渣湿法碳捕获状况的影响。实验证明,通过合理的设计和适当的操作,可使钢渣湿法碳捕获效率达60%以上,具有一定的应用价值。     

过氧化氢与过硫酸钠去除有机污染物的进展

原位化学氧化在去除一些难以生物降解的污染物(如三氯乙烯)方面有着简单、快捷、彻底的优点,文章综述了2种环境友好的氧化剂过氧化氢和过硫酸钠在修复地下水污染的进展。主要从2方面进行文献的追溯跟踪,总结归纳:一方面是过氧化氢和过硫酸钠催化活化产生自由基的机理;另一方面是影响这2种氧化剂去除地下水氯代烃等有机污染的主要因素。最后提出了这2种氧化剂联合氧化的机理研究及应用上存在的问题和展望,为今后的研究工作提供了切入点和参考。     

大气中臭氧行为研究进展

臭氧（O3）是一种重要的大气微量气体,是影响对流层——平流层大气动力、热力、辐射、化学等过程的关键成分,在气候和环境变化中扮演非常重要的角色。本文从臭氧在大气中的行为机理入手,研究影响臭氧源和汇的因子,了解臭氧含量变化机制,对当前臭氧研究热点进行概括和总结,展望未来研究重要问题。     

水溶液中臭氧和溴离子的反应研究

为探明O3氧化Br-的反应机制,采用离子色谱、PDA紫外-可见光度仪研究了水中Br-被O3氧化的反应过程.离子色谱分析表明,被氧化的Br-中只有约10%被O3氧化成BrO3-.进一步研究表明,除了生成BrO3-外,Br-被O3氧化过程中还产生了Br2,Br2又与溶液中存在的Br-结合形成Br3-,并首次得到了Br3-的吸收光谱,测得Br3-的最大吸收峰λmax为260 nm,提出了Br-与O3的基元反应.该研究补充和完善了O3氧化Br-的反应机制,也为O3处理含Br-水时Br-的归趋提供了有益信息.     

厌氧-准好氧联合型生物反应器填埋场产气规律的研究

通过将厌氧型生物反应器填埋场（ANBL）和准好氧矿化垃圾生物反应床（SAARB）串联,组成新型的厌氧-准好氧联合型生物反应器填埋场（AN-SABL）,研究其产气速率、产气量以及产气组分的变化规律,以期为填埋气体的收集、利用和处理提供理论依据.实验表明,AN-SABL中的厌氧填埋单元的产气受到了抑制,其中ANBL2号单元和ANBL3号单元的产气率分别为49 L.kg-1和39 L.kg-1,仅占ANBL1号的94.2%和75.0%,但提高回灌频率,能促进厌氧填埋单元的产气,其甲烷含量最大值可达到62.67%;ANBL夏季产气速率和产气量明显高于冬季,并以12 h为周期交替出现产气高峰;此外,AN-SABL能够促进其厌氧单元的硝化和反硝化作用,N2O的含量受季节和填埋场类型影响显著,其变化范围在0.001 7%～4.017 9%之间.ANBL的累积产气量在初始调整阶段呈对数增长,过渡酸化阶段呈线性增长,酸化产甲烷阶段呈指数增长.     

不同场地多层基础隔震结构振动台试验对比研究北大核心CSCD

通过开展土-隔震结构动力相互作用体系的大型振动台模型对比试验,研究了刚性地基、硬土地基和软夹层地基3种不同地基上多层隔震结构的地震反应特征和基础隔震效果。结果表明:SSI效应对隔震结构动力特性的影响与地基土性密切相关,当地基土性由刚变柔时,隔震结构体系的一阶自振频率明显降低,阻尼比也明显增大;不同土性地基上SSI效应对隔震结构地震反应的影响并不相同,软夹层地基上SSI效应可能增大也可能减小隔震结构的地震反应强度,而硬土地基上考虑SSI效应时隔震结构的地震反应与刚性地基时的地震反应差别较小;不同土性地基上SSI效应对隔震结构基础隔震效率的影响与地基土性、输入地震动的特性和峰值等相关,其中地基土性的影响最为明显,地基土性越软,基础隔震效率越低。