芦苇根际微环境对潜流人工湿地氮与COD去除性能的影响

构建了3个小型潜流人工湿地,一个不种植物作为对照;另2个栽种芦苇,其中一个湿地在芦苇根部埋设300目尼纶网制成的根袋,以区分根际与非根际环境.采用人工配水,研究了稳定运行期的人工湿地对COD、N的去除性能.结果表明,3个湿地对COD、N的去除场所主要位于湿地前端,且COD与N的去除具有沿程同步性.在进水C/N=5时,对照湿地、芦苇湿地和根袋湿地对NH⁺₄-N和TN的去除效率分别为66.2%、94.2%、82.2%和67.2%、90.7%、76.1%,具有同步硝化反硝化现象;对COD的去除效率分别为56.2%、80.9%、72.7%.试验中,3个湿地沿程水样的C/N值均大于5,表明碳源供应较充足.通过在湿地中预埋铂电极和土壤溶液采样器的方法,测定了根际土壤与非根际土体土壤ORP以及土壤溶液中的有机物含量（以TOC表征）.结果表明,湿地前端根际土壤ORP明显高于空白湿地和湿地土体土壤,差值分别为11～311 mV、62～261 mV.根系分泌物显著增加了植物湿地中有机碳的供应,根际土壤与非根际土体土壤中TOC含量分别为21.3～54.6 mg·L^-1和6.65～12.0 mg·L^-1.正是湿地植物根际环境中较高的氧化还原电位以及充足的碳源供应,使得植物湿地的脱氮效果好于对照湿地.     

南黄海表层海水重金属的变化特征及影响因素

根据1997～2004年每年1次的南黄海表层海水重金属(As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn)及有关环境因子的调查数据,重点研究了2003-10南黄海表层海水重金属的分布特征、控制其分布的生物地球化学机制以及8 a的年际变化趋势.结果表明,2003-10南黄海表层海水中As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn的平均浓度分别为2.33、0.078、1.41、0.0036、0.37、6.21μg/L.8 a中重金属除Zn有明显的上升趋势外,其它元素变化较小.重金属的分布模式与离岸距离有关,即除Pb外,在离岸较远的南黄海中部地区含量较低,而近岸海区则普遍较高,这种分布模式典型地体现了人类活动对近海的影响.对于重金属在局部海区的分布,亦存在其它控制因子,如Pb受大气沉降影响较大, Cd与海水盐度和pH密切相关, Hg受海水中有机碳浓度影响较大,沉积物再悬浮影响着As的浓度与分布, Cu、Zn则典型地受到了径流和排污的影响.8 a海水重金属浓度的均值皆符合国家一类海水水质标准,采用潜在生态危害指数法(ERI)分析2003年6种重金属的叠加生态效应,结果显示海水总的重金属生态危害指数较可发生重金属生态危害的ERI值小一个数量级,这从重金属的角度说明南黄海海水质量良好.     

成团泛菌MFC-3的分离鉴定及其腐殖质/Fe(Ⅲ)呼吸特性研究

从地下古森林沉积物样品中富集分离到1株腐殖质/Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌MFC-3菌株,经16S rDNA基因序列分析,该菌与成团泛菌Pantoea agglomerans WAB1951的相似性为99%,确定为成团泛菌.通过序批式厌氧实验考察了MFC-3的腐殖质呼吸活性、电子利用情况以及对4种铁氧化物的还原活性.结果表明,MFC-3能够以AQDS为唯一电子受体进行厌氧胞外呼吸,可利用的电子供体有:甲酸、乳酸、丙三醇、柠檬酸、葡萄糖和蔗糖,且AQDS还原速率顺序为:蔗糖葡萄糖柠檬酸乳酸丙三醇甲酸;以葡萄糖作为电子供体时,48 h内0.3 mmol.L-1的AQDS被还原,同时4.5 mmol.L-1葡萄糖被消耗,菌数增殖近7倍,证明MFC-3能够进行腐殖质呼吸;MFC-3还能以多种Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物为电子受体进行厌氧呼吸,25 d内分别有2.5 mmol.L-1水铁矿、2.1 mmol.L-1纤铁矿、2.3 mmol.L-1针铁矿及0.8 mmol.L-1赤铁矿被还原溶解.本研究为胞外呼吸研究与应用提供1株适宜的模式菌株.     

Influence of Indian mustard （Brassicajuncea） on rhizosphere soil solution chemistry in long-term contaminated soils： A rhizobox study

This study investigated the influence of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) root exudation on soil solution properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), metal solubility) in the rhizosphere using a rhizobox. Measurement was conducted following the cultivation of Indian mustard in the rhizobox filled four di erent types of heavy metal contaminated soils (two alkaline soils and two acidic soils). The growth of Indian mustard resulted in a significant increase (by 0.6 pH units) in rhizosphere soil solution pH of acidic soils and only a slight increase (< 0.1 pH units) in alkaline soils. Furthermore, the DOC concentration increased by 17–156 mg/L in the rhizosphere regardless of soil type and the extent of contamination, demonstrating the exudation of DOC from root. Ion chromatographic determination showed a marked increase in the total dissolved organic acids (OAs) in rhizosphere. While root exudates were observed in all soils, the amount of DOC and OAs in soil solution varied considerably amongst di erent soils, resulting in significant changes to soil solution metals in the rhizosphere. For example, the soil solution Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations increased in the rhizosphere of alkaline soils compared to bulk soil following plant cultivation. In contrast, the soluble concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in acidic soils decreased in rhizosphere soil when compared to bulk soils. Besides the influence of pH and DOC on metal solubility, the increase of heavy metal concentration having high stability constant such as Cu and Pb resulted in a release of Cd and Zn from solid phase to liquid phase.     

Heavy metal （Pb,Zn） uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four wetland plants with different radial oxygen loss

Lead and Zn uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants; Aneilema bracteatum, Cyperus alternifolius, Ludwigia hyssopifolia and Veronica serpyllifolia were investigated by two experiments: (1) rhizobag filled with “clean” or metal-contaminated soil for analysis of Pb and Zn in plants and rhizosphere soils; and (2) applied deoxygenated solution for analyzing their rates of radial oxygen loss (ROL). The results showed that the wetland plants with di erent ROL rates had significant e ects on the mobility and chemical forms of Pb and Zn in rhizosphere under flooded conditions. These e ects were varied with di erent metal elements and metal concentrations in the soils. Lead mobility in rhizosphere of the four plants both in the “clean” and contaminated soils was decreased, while Zn mobility was increased in the rhizosphere of the “clean” soil, but decreased in the contaminated soil. Among the four plants, V. serpyllifolia, with the highest ROL, formed the highest degree of Fe plaque on the root surface, immobilized more Zn in Fe plaque, and has the highest e ects on the changes of Zn form (EXC-Zn) in rhizosphere under both “clean” and contaminated soil conditions. These results suggested that ROL of wetland plants could play an important role in Fe plaque formation and mobility and chemical changes of metals in rhizosphere soil under flood conditions.     

增施CO2对C3和C4植物根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度的影响

CO2减排和土壤污染修复是我国实现经济和环境可持续发展必须解决的两大难题.基于生物固碳对根际微环境的影响,本研究提出通过增施CO2强化土壤有机污染的植物修复过程,为同时解决CO2减排和土壤污染植物修复面临的困境提供新思路.在模拟的CO2增施环境中,以C3植物菜豆和C4植物玉米为供试植物,以氯氰菊酯为目标污染物,研究增施CO2对C3和C4植物根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度的影响.结果表明,增施CO2可显著增加C3植物菜豆的地上和地下干重,在氯氰菊酯添加浓度为0、20、40 mg.kg-1时地下干重分别比自然CO2水平时增加了54.3%、31.9%和30.0%.增施CO2提高了未添加氯氰菊酯土壤的菜豆根际微生物数量,但降低了添加氯氰菊酯土壤的菜豆根际微生物数量.增施CO2对未添加氯氰菊酯土壤的菜豆根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度没有显著影响,但降低了菜豆根际氯氰菊酯的残留浓度,分别比自然CO2水平时下降24.0%（20mg.kg-1）和16.9%（40 mg.kg-1）.然而,对C4植物玉米而言,增施CO2对植物生物量、根际微生物、根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度下降没有明显促进作用,甚至有抑制作用.本实验表明,增施CO2降低了C3植物根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度,可以考虑将增施CO2作为C3植物修复土壤污染的强化措施,但对C4植物的影响还有待进一步研究.     

添加不同 N源条件下典型除草剂对土壤呼吸和 N2O排放的影响

通过室内土壤培养实验,采用间歇密闭培养-气相色谱法研究了添加不同N源条件下我国典型旱地除草剂对农田土壤呼吸和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,在添加（NH4）2SO4氮源条件下,莠去津和百草枯对土壤呼吸和N2O排放无显著影响（P〉0.05）.草甘膦显著抑制了土壤呼吸（P〈0.05）,是对照的78.5%,N2O的排放无显著影响（P〉0.05）,仅表现为均值降低了20.1%.苯磺隆显著促进了土壤呼吸（P〈0.05）,是对照的1.1倍,对N2O排放也无显著影响（P〉0.05）.乙草胺显著促进了土壤呼吸和N2O的排放（P〈0.05）,分别是对照的1.1和1.5倍.在添加尿素的条件下,莠去津和乙草胺对土壤呼吸和N2O排放无显著影响（P〉0.05）.百草枯显著促进了N2O的排放（P〈0.05）,是对照的1.4倍,却对土壤呼吸无显著影响（P〉0.05）.草甘膦显著抑制了土壤呼吸（P〈0.05）,仅为对照的82.5%,对N2O的排放却无显著影响（P〉0.05）.苯磺隆显著促进了土壤呼吸和N2O的排放（P〈0.05）,其分别是对照的1.3和1.6倍.鉴于不同除草剂对不同微生物生理代谢影响的复杂性,其对温室气体的作用和影响还需长期田间试验研究.     

降雨对华北土石山区侧柏林土壤呼吸的影响

采用碱液吸收法(AA法)对北京西部山区不同降雨处理的典型侧柏林的土壤呼吸速率做了测定。同时测定了土壤呼吸测定点的土壤温度、土壤水分及气温和湿度等气象因子。结果表明5 mm、10 mm、20 mm降雨处理对侧柏林土壤呼吸都有促进作用,而50 mm降雨处理以及50 mm频率降雨对土壤呼吸的促进作用不明显。研究发现降雨导致土壤含水量升高并造成土壤呼吸的温度敏感性降低,Q10为1.1左右。通径分析的结果表明7 cm土壤温度、空气温度、大气相对湿度对各降雨处理的土壤呼吸速率的直接效应是最为显著的,其中对土壤呼吸影响最大的因素是温度。     

消除次氯酸根对化学需氧量测定影响的研究

文章通过实验证明次氯酸根对化学需氧量测定的影响,并利用5种不同方式对样品进行前处理,优选出处理效果好的方法,消除次氯酸根对化学需氧量测定的干扰。