近45年中国12个一级站大气气溶胶光学厚度变化特征

利用常规观测的总辐射和散射辐射日曝辐量资料,结合NASA GISS的月平均平流层气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品,反演计算了北京等12个台站1961～2005年0.75μm对流层AOD和气溶胶标高数据.基于这些数据,分析了各站AOD、气溶胶标高和地面能见度的年、季、月变化特征.结果表明:①就12个站45a总平均而言,光学厚度为0.276,年增长为0.0034;气溶胶标高为1.65km,年增加为0.015km;能见度为17.1km,年变化值为-0.08km;AOD春夏较大,秋冬较小;气溶胶标高夏季最高,春季次之,冬季最低.②各站点45a平均AOD范围为0.116～0.387;除格尔木外,各站AOD均有增长.年变化值为0.0010～0.0079.③20世纪70、80年代AOD增加明显;20世纪90年代以来,多数站点AOD有所下降,能见度有转好趋势.     

Influence of temperature on the characteristics of aerobic granulation in sequencing batch airlift reactors

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in sequencing batch airlift reactors(SBAR) at 25,30,and 35°C,respectively.The effect of temperature on the granules characteristics was analyzed and the microbial community structures of the granules were probed using scanning electron microscope(SEM) and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that 30°C is optimum for matured granule cultivation,where the granules had a more compact structure,better settling abili...     

Characterizing spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in the soils from mining-smelting activities in Shuikoushan, Hunan Province, China

The spatial variation of heavy metals in the soils in Shuikoushan mining-smelting area, Hunan Province, China, was investigated using multivariate and geo-statistic analysis. A total of 106 composite soil samples were collected in an area of about 100 km2. Concentrations of total As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Arsenic and Pb were found to have a common source, indicating the same sources and spreading processes, such as aerosols and airborne particulates from smelting chimneys. Airborne sources from smelting chimneys contributed greatly to Cd in the area, which demonstrated the same dispersion pattern as As and Pb. However, two hot spots of Cd around smelters were possibly enlarged by wastewaters, demonstrating another important source of Cd in Shuikouhsan. Geo-statistic interpolated mapping demonstrated that hotspots of Zn were only found proximal to the large smelters, suggesting that Zn primarily came from the chimneys of larger smelters. The major Cu hot-spots appeared closely to the tailing dam, indicating that weathering and leaching of tailings were the major sources of Cu contamination in Shuikoushan. Our findings indicated that airborne volatile particles and aerosols contributed the most to As, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu contamination, while Cd and Cu may also derive from the discharge of wastewater from smelters and the leaching of tailings, respectively.     

Characterization of organic matter in total suspended particles by thermodesorption and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The organic matter in tropospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes. The bulk of organic matter, representing a significant proportion of the total suspended particulate (TSP) mass, is bound to polymeric material whose structure and properties are largely unknown. Here we used thermodesorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Td- GC/MS) to study organic compounds of low molecular mass and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to characterize the chemical structure of macromolecules in TSP samples collected in di erent seasons from di erent sites in Guangzhou. n-Alkanes, fatty acids and nitriles were the predominant compounds in the thermodesorption products, whereas aromatics, fatty acids, nitriles and n-alkanes/alkenes were the major compounds in the pyrolysates. The results indicated that aromatics were main units in macromolecules. The fatty acids and nitriles formed from carboxylic ammonium salts were detected in both thermodesorption products and pyrolysates at a certain concentration, indicating the importance of these compounds in TSP formation. The TSP source mainly determined the occurrence of compounds in samples from urban, suburban and forest sites, whereas the TSP source and formation process maybe controlled the seasonal variation in compounds detected. High levels of nitriles in summer samples from suburban and forest sites coincide with the release of ammonium from the land and of fatty acids from vegetation at these sites.     

Ⅰ Ⅱ-ASBR中厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物组成及特性

在35℃下以奶粉人工合成废水为底物连续运行了两段厌氧反应器(ⅠⅡ-ASBR),且于ⅠⅡ两柱中形成了两种不同的厌氧颗粒污泥,为了解厌氧颗粒污泥的微生态结构及生物学特性,对ⅠⅡ两柱中厌氧颗粒污泥的形态及微生物组成进行扫描电镜观察,并测定了其不同基质中的比产甲烷活性、辅酶F420和胞外多聚物的含量。结果表明:ⅠⅡ-ASBR反应器ⅠⅡ两柱中厌氧颗粒污泥形态及微生物组成差异明显,Ⅰ柱的厌氧颗粒污泥大而密实,Ⅱ柱的较小,呈多孔的网状结构,Ⅰ柱中厌氧颗粒污泥以甲烷八叠球菌、球菌及短杆菌为主,丝状菌较少,Ⅱ柱则以丝状菌、短杆菌为主,球菌较少;Ⅰ柱颗粒污泥利用葡萄糖、甲酸、丙酸的产甲烷活性较高,利用乙酸的活性相对较低,Ⅱ柱颗粒污泥利用葡萄糖、乙酸的产甲烷活性较高,而利用甲酸、丙酸的产甲烷活性较低;辅酶F420的含量Ⅱ柱比Ⅰ柱明显要高,而胞外多聚物含量Ⅰ柱比Ⅱ柱的高。     

长江口颗粒态金属污染物时空分布规律分析

长江口金属污染物的输移转化受到多种因素作用的制约,其时空分布比较复杂.2006年洪、枯季长江口南槽和北槽调查研究表明:(1)悬沙中各种金属含量在长江口的沿程分布略有差异,除Cu、Cd沿程出现降低趋势外,其它金属均有"低-高-低"分布趋势,即在南槽、北槽最大浑浊带出现高值;而沉积物中颗粒态金属含量沿程分布较为复杂,沿程呈降低趋势,部分金属在南槽、北槽出现高值区;(2)颗粒态金属含量垂向分布十分明显,由表层悬沙至底泥逐渐减少;(3)悬沙中枯季金属含量明显高于洪季,在一个潮周期内急流时颗粒态金属含量小于憩流时金属含量.     

上流式多级处理厌氧反应器（UMAR）处理棉浆黑液

棉浆黑液是高浓度有机废水,有较好的厌氧可生化性。利用上流式多级处理厌氧反应器处理棉浆黑液,容积负荷在14．4—24kg／（m^3·d）之间,平均COD去除率可达到80％,同时可产生沼气,具有很好的应用前景。     

SPME-GC/MS法测定垃圾渗沥液中双酚A

建立了固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用法测定垃圾渗沥液中双酚A的方法,并用于广州大田山垃圾渗沥液中双酚A含量的测定。对影响萃取的参数进行了优化,实验选用涂层厚度为85μm聚丙烯酸酯(PA)萃取纤维,在搅拌速度为1200r/min、NaCl浓度为20%、pH2.0和室温条件下萃取60min。方法的线性范围为0.1～100μg/L,检出限为0.03μg/L,精密度为6.6%。应用本方法监测了广州大田山垃圾渗沥液中BPA的含量在生物法处理过程中的变化情况。     

UASB反应器处理精制棉废水的试验研究

采用颗粒污泥接种UASB厌氧反应器处理精制棉生产废水,对其可生化性及能降解程度进行研究。通过近1个月的运行可知：在进水CODCr质量浓度为5000—6000mg／L,HRT为24h,容积负荷在4．5～6．2kg／（m3·d）的范围时,有机污染物的去除率稳定保持在70％～80％的范围内,并且运行稳定。     

颗粒污泥接种UASB反应器处理废纸造纸废水的试验研究

采用颗粒污泥接种UASB厌氧反应器处理废纸造纸废水,对其可生化性及能降解程度进行研究。通过持续近2个月的运行实验可知：在进水CODCr质量浓度为2000—3000mg,L的情况下,COD容积负荷最高可达到20kg/（m3·d）左右,水力停留时间可缩短至4h,有机污染物的去除率稳定保持在80％-90％的范围内,并且运行稳定。