Influence of driving cycles on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of gasoline passenger car in Bangkok

The influence of different driving cycles on their exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rate of gasoline passenger car was investigated in Bangkok based on the actual measurements obtained from a test vehicle driving on a standard chassis dynamometer. A newly established Bangkok driving cycle (BDC) and the European driving cycle (EDC) which is presently adopted as the legislative cycle for testing automobiles registered in Thailand were used. The newly developed BDC is constructed using the driving characteristic data obtained from the real on-road driving tests along selected traffic routes. A method for selecting appropriate road routes for real driving tests is also introduced. Variations of keyed driving parameters of BDC with different driving cycles were discussed. The results showed that the HC and CO emission factors of BDC are almost two and four times greater than those of EDC, respectively. Although the difference in the NOx emission factor is small, the value from BDC is still greater than that of EDC by 10%. Under BDC, the test vehicle consumes fuel about 25% more than it does under EDC. All these differences are mainly attributed to the greater proportion of idle periods and higher fluctuations of vehicle speed in the BDC cycle. This result indicated that the exhausted emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles obtained from tests under the legislative modal-type driving cycle (EDC) are significantly different from those actually produced under real traffic conditions especially during peak periods.     

Optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon compositions for reducing exhaust emissions

Effects of hydrocarbon compositions on raw exhaust emissions and combustion processes were studied on an engine test bench. The optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon composition was discussed. As olefins content increased from 10.0% to 25.0% in volume, the combustion duration was shortened by about 2 degree crank angle ( CA), and the engine-out THC emission was reduced by about 15%. On the other hand, as aromatics content changed from 35.0% to 45.0%, the engine-out NOx emissions increased by 4%. An increment in olefins content resulted in a slight increase in engine-out CO emission, while the aromatics content had little e ect on engine-out total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO emissions. Over the new European driving cycle (NEDC), the THC, NOx and CO emissions of fuel with 25.0% olefins and 35.0% aromatics were about 45%, 21% and 19% lower than those of fuel with 10.0% olefins and 40.0% aromatics, respectively. The optimized gasoline compositions for new engines and new vehicles have low aromatics and high olefins contents.     

长三角重点行业大气污染物排放及控制对策

研究重点分析了长江三角洲地区电力和水泥行业的大气污染物排放特征,并结合相关行业统计数据和污染物排放因子,对2004年这两个重点行业的大气污染物排放量进行了估算。结论如下:长三角地区火电行业2004年SO2、烟尘、NOX和燃煤大气汞排放量分别为149.2×104t、21.1×104t、87.6×104t和13.7t。2004年江、浙、沪三地水泥行业共排放工艺粉尘76.2×104t,其中PM10为70.1×104t、PM2.5为45.9×104t,气态污染物SO2、NOX、CO和氟化物排放量分别为12.4×104t、49.5×104t、247.9×104t和7.4×104t。并对长三角地区电力和水泥行业的污染控制问题提出一些相关举措。     

如何应对突发性水污染事故

突发性水环境污染事故及其造成的社会危害曾经是发达国家极为关注的焦点。1950—1960年的日本熊本县水俣湾发生甲基汞污染事件（“水俣病”公害事件）造成439人死亡,1044人健康受损。1977年,美国Love运河发生有毒废物排放事件,当地居民不得不全体搬迁。1986年,莱茵河沿岸化工厂排放的30余种有机物流入河流导致水污染,造成大量水生生物死亡,波及两岸4个国家数百万人的生活和生产。     

八国峰会前缩小分岐

近日,来自17个成员国的国家官员,就二氧化碳排放份额分配问题召开紧急会议。意欲赶在7月8日到10日召开的八国峰会之前消除彼此之间的分歧与争执。     

美国提交首个针对联合国气候变化协议的计划

美国于5月5日对外发布言论称,将加入致力于应对气候变化的全球协议体系．并将制定雄心勃勃的目标,采取积极行动,应对温室气体排放带来的全球变暖问题。     

基于物质流分析的可持续发展方法探讨——以珠江三角洲为例

文章以珠江三角洲为例,选取区域物质总需求、区域过程总排放、区域总排放等指标,对珠江三角洲社会经济系统的物质流进行核算,结果表明:(1)珠江三角洲区域物质总需求、区域总排放年均递减率在7%以上,资源使用密度、单位GDP物质排放年均分别减少10.3%、11.4%。说明珠江三角洲产业结构开始升级,环境朝着利好方向发展。(2)隐藏流在各类相关指标中占有比例较高,占区域总排放的比例年均高达98%。说明推行减量化生产,提高物质利用率,进一步推动循环经济发展已迫在眉睫。(3)物质排放强度地域差异明显,惠州、肇庆、中山、江门历年均低于珠江三角洲平均水平,深圳、东莞远高于平均水平;IPAT分析显示,A呈上升趋势,T值呈逐年下降的趋势。总体来看,珠江三角洲发展循环经济具有极大的潜力,也具有极强的现实意义。     

天津港运输船舶大气污染物排放清单

运输船舶产生的大气污染物对港口大气环境有重要影响,但我国对这部分内容的研究却相当薄弱.本文首先对天津港运输船舶的总体情况进行调研,根据其排放控制技术水平合理选择了排放因子;而后采用基于燃料消耗的方法,对2006年天津港运输船舶排放的NOx、HC、CO和PM_(10)进行了计算,建立了天津港运输船舶大气污染物的排放清单;最后对2010年和2020年天津港的运输船舶大气污染排放情况进行了预测.该清单的估算和预测可以为加强排放控制和制定相关法规提供重要依据.     

乙醇汽油与普通汽油的环保性比较

通过对6个采用了乙醇汽油的地区使用前后空气数据的基础对比,并辅以乙醇汽油与普通汽油的优缺点及使用环境区别比较,分析了采用乙醇汽油的优点及一些局限性.从乙醇汽油试点城市中,选取黑龙江、辽宁、山东、湖北、河南、广西6省市调研,采集了其某一周期空气数据进行对比分析.用取得数据和上年同期对比,发现使用乙醇汽油的城市,其机动车有害尾气排放量有所降低,从而一定程度上提升了空气质量;结果显示乙醇汽油在缓解能源压力和环保方面,较普通汽油相比均有着优势.     

昆明市主城区生活污水现状分析与控制对策

昆明市主城区生活污水是昆明市地表水污染的重要来源。调查分析了昆明市主城区生活污水排放与处理现状,分析了生活污水防治存在的主要问题,提出了控制对策。