火电厂石灰软化水质混凝澄清工艺对比分析

石灰软化处理是目前火电厂循环冷却水处理应用最为广泛的一种方式。针对石灰软化处理的两种不同混凝澄清工艺进行对比分析,分析显示,高效澄清池比机械加速澄清池具有处理效果优、占地小、投资省、运行成本低、管理简便等优势。     

Mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan and Lambda-cyhalothrin - In vitro study describing individual and combined effects of pesticides

Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable to pesticide linked toxicities, which could lead to diverse pathological conditions. The toxic potential of a pesticide could be determined by their ability to induce genetic mutations and cytotoxicity. Hence, determination of genetic mutation and cytotoxicity of each pesticide is unavoidable to legislate health and safety appraisal about pesticides. The objective of current investigation was to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan（EN） and Lambda-cyhalothrin（LC）; individually and in combination. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide（MTT） assay was utilized to determine cytotoxicity, while two mutant histidine dependent Salmonella strains（TA98, TA100） were used to determine the mutagenicity of EN and LC.Moreover, mutagenicity assay was conducted with and without S9 to evaluate the effects of metabolic activation on mutagenicity. Even though a dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies was detected with EN against both bacterial strains, a highly significant（p 〈 0.05） increase in the mutagenicity was detected in TA98 with S9. In comparison, data obtained from LC revealed less mutagenic potential than EN. Surprisingly,the non-mutagenic individual-concentrations of EN and LC showed dose dependent mutagenicity when combined. Combination of EN and LC synergistically induced mutagenicity both in TA98 and TA100. MTT assay spotlighted comparable dose dependent cytotoxicity effects of both pesticides. Interestingly, the combination of EN and LC produced increased reversion and cytotoxicity at lower doses as compared to each pesticide, concluding that pesticide exposure even at sub-lethal doses can produce cytotoxicity and genetic mutations, which could lead to carcinogenicity.     

Carbonyl emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust in China and the contribution to ozone formation potential

Fifteen heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested on chassis dynamometer by using typical heavy duty driving cycle and fuel economy cycle. The air from the exhaust was sampled by 2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine cartridge and 23 carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The average emission factor of carbonyls was 97.2 mg/km, higher than that of light-duty diesel vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaidehyde were the species with the highest emission factors. Main influencing factors for carbonyl emissions were vehicle type, average speed and regulated emission standard, and the impact of vehicle loading was not evident in this study. National emission of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was calculated for China, 2011, based on both vehicle miles traveled and fuel consumption. Carbonyl emission of diesel vehicle was estimated to be 45.8 Gg, and was comparable to gasolinepowered vehicles （58.4 Gg）. The emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 12.6, 6.9, 3.8 Gg, respectively. The ozone formation potential of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was 537 mg O3/km, higher than 497 mg O3/km of none-methane hydrocarbons emitted from diesel vehicles.     

基于主成分-聚类分析模型的生态环境脆弱性分析:以平潭综合实验区为例

目前对平潭综合实验区(平潭主岛)脆弱性评价方面的研究仅有地下水系统的脆弱性研究,对生态环境方面的脆弱性研究尚未见诸文献中。针对此情况,文章首先从自然因素、人为干扰因素和环境因素3个方面构建了生态环境脆弱性指标体系,然后运用主成分-聚类分析模型对平潭综合实验区的生态环境脆弱性进行分区。脆弱性分区结论为平潭综合实验区总体为中强度脆弱,其中极强脆弱区为白青乡,强度脆弱区为北厝镇和苏澳镇,中度脆弱区为中楼乡、澳前镇和敖东镇,轻度脆弱区为平原镇、潭城镇和流水镇,微脆弱区为芦洋乡。文章从增加防护林的面积和种类、调整优化土地利用结构、开展生态功能区划和生态环境保护规划的编制工作三方面提出了降低研究区域生态环境脆弱性的对策措施。     

贫营养条件下17β-雌二醇厌氧生物降解规律研究

17β-雌二醇作为环境甾体雌激素污染的主要污染物之一,广泛分布于自然环境中。采用批次实验,研究了在贫营养条件下17β-雌二醇厌氧生物降解规律。结果表明,在贫营养条件下,厌氧污泥对17β-雌二醇的去除率达到90%(35℃,76 d),且降解作用主要集中在快速降解阶段,降解规律符合一级降解动力学模型(R2=0.95);厌氧污泥对17β-雌二醇的去除主要是通过转化为雌性效力较低的雌酮,再由雌酮转化为其他的转化产物,如17α-雌二醇;Fe(Ⅲ)对17β-雌二醇的去除和转化没有显著的影响。接种污泥的内源代谢作用产生甲烷,Fe(Ⅲ)的存在可以提高甲烷的产率,但对甲烷的总量没有显著影响。     

星肋小环藻、铜绿微囊藻春化作用基因控制机理

实验证实了星肋小环藻、铜绿微囊藻的春化作用后,其暴发控制机理成为研究重点。该文通过分析单细胞生物基因操作原理、遗传物质转录复制控制、温度对蛋白质的作用和酶原激活过程等,研究微藻春化作用基因控制机理,提出基因控制模型:激活基因-操纵基因连锁的基因操纵模型,由基因操纵子、调节基因和激活基因组成。该模型阐释2种藻类春末夏初大规模暴发机理:春季,调节基因产生的调节蛋白原被调节蛋白激活酶激活产生的调节蛋白与操纵基因结合,启动结构基因转录合成DNA合成酶系,DNA复制完成,藻体裂殖(繁殖)群体增长;夏季,高温下温度敏感的调节蛋白激活酶变性,使调节蛋白原激活产生变构的调节蛋白,同时与操纵基因和激活基因结合,激活基因不能产生调节蛋白激活酶激活调节蛋白原产生激活蛋白,这时铜绿微囊藻进入生长被抑制状态,星肋小环藻进入高温休眠状态;进入秋季,因之前无低温出现使热变性的激活酶复性,激活产生正常的调节蛋白与操纵基因结合,启动结构基因复制繁殖所需DNA酶系,尽管秋季温光适宜,星肋小环藻不会生长活动,铜绿微囊藻可生长但生长速度低于春末夏初时的生长速度;进入冬季,低温使热变性的激活酶复性,等待来年春暖激活调节蛋白原,启动新一年的藻生长。     

雌激素污染对水体微生物反硝化作用的影响

针对世界各国水体雌激素污染日趋严重的环境问题,文章选择典型天然环境雌激素——17β-雌二醇(E2)为污染源,构建实验室厌氧水体微生态系统,分析E2污染对水体微生物反硝化速率、反硝化终端产物比例和厌氧微生物活性的影响规律。结果表明,E2污染对水体微生物的反硝化速率和活性存在显著性显著抑制作用,但反硝化终产物中N2O的比例得到明显促进。因此,在厌氧条件下,微量E2污染会影响厌氧微生物活性和反硝化作用,对水体的氮素循环产生影响。     

雌激素污染对水体微生物产甲烷功能的影响

针对目前水体环境雌激素的污染形势严峻,且其对水体功能性微生物群落影响规律及机理不明等问题,选择典型天然雌激素——17β-雌二醇(E2)为主要研究对象,构建实验室厌氧水体微生态系统,分析E2污染对厌氧水体微生物活性和产甲烷功能的影响规律。结果表明,在厌氧条件下,E2污染对水体微生物群体的活性存在显著的抑制效应,对水体甲烷的产生速率亦存在规律性的影响。当水体E2浓度≤0.5 ng/L时,对水体微生物的产甲烷活性存在促进作用。当E2浓度≥1.0 ng/L时,E2污染对水体微生物的产甲烷活性存在明显的抑制效应,且随着E2浓度的升高抑制作用增强。因此,厌氧条件下,微量E2污染会影响水体微生物活性和产甲烷效应的变化,从而对水体自净功能和甲烷释放产生影响。     

核壳结构TiO_2/SiO_2/Fe_3O_4颗粒的制备及性能研究

针对纳米Ti O2光催化剂回收困难、成本较高等问题,采用溶胶-凝胶法在表面包覆了Si O2的磁基体Fe3O4上负载Ti O2,制备出一种具有光催化作用的核壳结构Ti O2/Si O2/Fe3O4功能纳米颗粒。通过TEM、XRD等对其包覆效果及结构进行表征,结果表明,Si O2、Ti O2包覆的醇∶酯∶水的比例分别为4.6∶12.3∶1和30.3∶12.5∶1时可以得到包覆均匀的Ti O2/Si O2/Fe3O4功能颗粒。在可见光和紫外光的照射下,Ti O2/Si O2/Fe3O4光催化剂降解亚甲基蓝溶液的脱色率分别为85.16%和78.86%,使用5次后颗粒的回收率仍能保持在75%以上,具有优异的光催化降解性能,并且可重复利用率高。     

城市应急重气扩散模型在JU2003扩散试验中的模拟验证

发展了一个能够考虑昼夜大气稳定度差异的城市应急重气扩散模型——SLAB_URBAN模型,利用该模型对美国Oklahoma City Joint Urban 2003(JU2003)城市扩散试验进行了模拟,主要关注下风方向不同观测距离的Cmaxu/Q值,并将模型模拟出的Cmaxu/Q值与JU2003试验观测的Cmaxu/Q值进行了对比验证。结果表明:SLAB_URBAN模型能够模拟出昼夜不同稳定度条件下城市重气扩散在下风方向浓度的分布状况;SLAB_URBAN模型的统计误差分析显示其模拟结果与观测值较一致;此外,从应急反应和安全角度考虑,SLAB_URBAN模型也符合实际工作的需求。