Effect of current density on groundwater arsenite removal performance using air cathode electrocoagulation

• With the same charge, current density had little effect on As(III) removal in ACEC. • ACEC had the lowest energy consumption compared with EC/O₂ or EC/N₂. • There was a trade-off relationship between energy consumption and removal time. • The ·OH concentration in ACEC was 1.5 times of that in the EC/O₂ system. Naturally occurring arsenic enrichment in groundwater poses a huge threat to human health. Air cathode electrocoagulation (ACEC) has recently been proposed to enhance As(III) oxidation and lower energy consumption. In this study, ACEC, EC/O₂ and EC/N₂ were evaluated with different current densities from 1 to 8 mA/cm² to investigate the effect on As(III) removal in different redox environments. Current density had no appreciable effect on arsenic removal efficiency given the same charge in ACEC because the concentration ratio of Fe/H₂O₂ under different current densities remained stable. However, in EC/O₂ and EC/N₂, As(III) removal was inhibited at higher current densities (4–8 mA/cm²), likely because more Fe(II) competed with As(III) for the oxidant, leading to less effective oxidation of As(III). In all EC systems, the ·OH units generated per power consumption reached the highest value at the lowest current density. Compared with other EC systems, the ACEC system showed lower energy consumption at all current densities due to the low energy consumption of the electrode reaction and more free radical generation. A lower current density saved more energy at the expense of time, showing the trade-off relationship between energy consumption and removal time. The operation costs for As(III) removal under optimal conditions were calculated as 0.028 $/m³ for ACEC, 0.030 $/m³ for EC/O₂, and 0.085 $/m³ for EC/N₂     

不同耕作方式对土壤性质与玉米生长的影响研究

通过种植前对土壤进行不同耕作处理试验,探讨不同耕作方式和耕作深度（30 cm,35 cm,45 cm）对土壤理化性状及玉米（Zea mays L）根系生长的影响。结果表明,三种耕作方式对土壤容重、土壤含水量、土壤微生物总量、玉米根系生长的影响表现为：深松耕作〉传统耕作〉免耕。其中,深松耕作对表层土壤（0～25 cm）容重降低作用大于深层土壤（25～45 cm）;对增加土壤含水量、增加土壤微生物总量、促进玉米根系生长方面的作用,深层土壤大于表层土壤;从不同耕作深度进行比较,深松45 cm〉深松35 cm〉深松30 cm〉传统耕作,即耕作越深,对土壤物理性状和作物根系生长影响越大。不同耕作处理间玉米产量无显著性差异。综合研究区的土壤性质、作物生长、自然环境等因素,雨养农区可采用免耕—深松的循环耕作模式,改良土壤性质,提高经济效益。     

广州绿地土壤理化特性及其相关性

以广州市荔湾区城市绿地为起点往东北延伸至从化流溪河自然保护区,建立长100km、宽10km的绿地土壤样带以研究广州市绿地土壤理化性状及土壤因子间的相关性。研究结果表明,广州绿地土壤容重平均值为（1.31±0.20）g·cm^-3,属偏紧范围;自然含水量为112.14～402.33g·kg^-1;总孔隙度均值（44.10%±4.84%）,属过紧实（45.3%～41.5%）。土壤pH值为2.21～7.82,变幅较广;有机质属丰富偏下水平（30～40g·kg^-1）;有效磷、有效钙和重金属的变化范围也较广。土壤砂粒质量分数与绝大多数土壤物理因子呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）,土壤pH值与重金属总铬、总镉、总铅、有效铜、有效钙和有效钾等呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）。研究结果为科学使用和保护城市绿地土壤提供依据。     

火电厂湿法脱硫系统中pH计及密度计的设计应用

针对火电厂湿法烟气脱硫系统中传统pH计及密度计的探头结垢磨损及测量管路堵塞频繁,导致pH和密度的测量出现偏差甚至数据失真这一问题,结合山西大土河焦化有限责任公司热电一分厂3×75t/h循环流化床锅炉烟气脱硫工程实例,着重介绍了改进型pH计的有效防堵塞安装方法及隔膜压力变送器代替传统密度计的设计原理及应用情况,为今后工程实践提供参考。     

桂北地区桉树林及其他三种森林类型土壤有机碳含量及密度特征

以桂北地区桉树（Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla）林、杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）林、马尾松（Pinus massoniana）林和毛竹（Phyllostachys edulis）林的土层0~60 cm土壤为研究对象,对比分析了4种森林类型的土壤有机碳质量分数及密度分布特征。结果表明：（1）在4种森林类型土层中,有机碳质量分数的最大值[（49.49±1.16）g·kg-1]和最小值[（4.50±0.52）g·kg-1]分别出现在毛竹林土层0~15 cm和马尾松林土层45~60 cm。土层0~60 cm有机碳质量分数平均值按大小顺序排列为：毛竹林（28.16g·kg-1）〉杉木林（25.10 g·kg-1）〉桉树林（14.52 g·kg-1）〉马尾松林（9.56 g·kg-1）。桉树林、杉木林、马尾松林和毛竹林土层0~15 cm有机碳质量分数所占的比例分别为28.29%、39.14%、55.44%和43.94%。（2）4种森林类型土层中有机碳密度的最大值[（6.71±1.72）kg·m-2]和最小值[（1.14±0.11）kg·m-2]分别出现在杉木林土层0~15 cm和马尾松林土层40~60 cm。土层0~60 cm的有机碳密度平均值按大小顺序排列为：杉木林（19.60 kg·m-2）〉毛竹林（18.85 kg·m-2）〉桉树林（12.91 kg·m-2）〉马尾松林（8.47kg·m-2）。桉树林、杉木林、马尾松林和毛竹林土层0~15 cm有机碳密度所占的比例分别为25.12%、34.25%、52.07%和32.64%。4种森林类型土壤有机碳质量分数和有机碳密度均随着土层深度的增加呈降低的趋势。     

闽江口沼泽植被地上鲜生物量与植株密度高光谱遥感估算

湿地植被地上生物量与湿地生态系统生产力、碳循环和养分循环等密切相关,是当前研究中的主要关注点之一。利用ASDFieldSpec2500 便携式地物波谱仪测定闽江口鳝鱼滩芦苇（Phragmites australis）和短叶茳芏（Cyperus malaccensis Lam. var. brevifolius Bocklr.）冠层反射光谱,同时测定其地上鲜生物量和植株密度,分析地上鲜生物量与冠层反射光谱及一阶微分光谱的相关关系,确定敏感波段,进而改进植被指数;利用回归分析法,基于各个植被指数,构建地上鲜生物量和植株密度的估算模型。结果表明,芦苇和短叶茳芏地上鲜生物量与冠层反射光谱在蓝光、红光及近红外波段相关性较高;与一阶微分光谱在蓝边、红边相关性较好;芦苇地上鲜生物量与冠层光谱和一阶微分光谱的相关系数均优于短叶茳芏。芦苇和短叶茳芏地上鲜生物量估算模型R2分别在0.408 5~0.765 和0.101 9~0.315 3 之间,估算精度相对于其他参数较高的参数主要有BNDVI、NDCI和MGBNDVI,最佳估算参数均为BNDVI;植株密度估算模型R2分别在0.093 0~0.718 和0.138 9~0.233 7 之间,估算精度相对于其他参数较高的参数主要有GBNDVI、BNDVI、MGBNDVI、NDCI 及SR, 最佳估算参数分别为GBNDVI和NDCI。一定程度上来说,利用高光谱数据估算河口芦苇和短叶茳芏地上鲜生物量和植株密度是可行的。     

Hunting, law enforcement, and African primate conservation

Abstract: Primates are regularly hunted for bushmeat in tropical forests, and systematic ecological monitoring can help determine the effect hunting has on these and other hunted species. Monitoring can also be used to inform law enforcement and managers of where hunting is concentrated. We evaluated the effects of law enforcement informed by monitoring data on density and spatial distribution of 8 monkey species in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire. We conducted intensive surveys of monkeys and looked for signs of human activity throughout the park. We also gathered information on the activities of law‐enforcement personnel related to hunting and evaluated the relative effects of hunting, forest cover and proximity to rivers, and conservation effort on primate distribution and density. The effects of hunting on monkeys varied among species. Red colobus monkeys (Procolobus badius) were most affected and Campbell's monkeys (Cercopithecus campbelli) were least affected by hunting. Density of monkeys irrespective of species was up to 100 times higher near a research station and tourism site in the southwestern section of the park, where there is little hunting, than in the southeastern part of the park. The results of our monitoring guided law‐enforcement patrols toward zones with the most hunting activity. Such systematic coordination of ecological monitoring and law enforcement may be applicable at other sites.     

UV-B辐射下悬沙对小球藻生长和DNA损伤的影响

研究了UV-B辐射(17μW cm-2,5 min/d)下不同浓度(0、100和1 000 mg L-1)和粒径组成(全粒径组和粒径<38μm组)的悬沙对小球藻(Chlorella sp.)生长和DNA损伤的影响.结果显示,小球藻的生长可用Logistic增长模型拟合,拟合后的生长参数表明悬沙的"遮荫效应"减轻了UV-B辐射对小球藻细胞的DNA损伤,从而对小球藻生长产生正影响.悬沙浓度越高,UV-B辐射对小球藻细胞DNA损伤程度越低,小球藻的环境负载能力a和瞬时增长率K越大.当悬沙浓度为100 mg L-1时,全粒径组a值和K值小于粒径<38μm组,且两组间小球藻细胞DNA损伤差异显著(P<0.05),但当悬沙浓度达1 000 mg L-1时,全粒径组a值和K值大于粒径<38μm组,两组间细胞的DNA损伤无显著差异(P>0.05).图3表2参24     

不同密度侧柏人工林碳储量变化及其机理初探

以徐州侧柏Platycladus orientalis（Linn）Franco人工林为研究对象,运用生物量转化方程及土壤调查数据探讨了1 679、2 250和3 074株.hm-2的3种密度对生态系统碳储量的影响及其机理。结果表明,①乔木层、土壤层和生态系统的碳储量均随林分密度的增加而明显减少,灌草层碳储量在低林分密度最大,而枯落物层碳储量在中林分密度最大。低林分密度生态系统的碳储量是94.11 t.hm-2,分别是中密度和高密度生态系统的碳储量1.19倍和1.28倍,而这种差异主要是由乔木层和土壤层碳储量差异引起的。②林分密度对细根生物量的影响不显著（P〉0.05）,而细根形态随林分密度的增加表现为低级根中1、2级根直径变粗,根长先变长后变短,比根长变短（P〈0.05）;而高级根中的5级根直径显著变细,根长和比根长变长（P〉0.05）。③林分密度对细根生物量的影响与乔木层、土壤层和生态系统碳储量的变化规律具有较高的一致性,均为低密度下最大,高密度下最小。因此,细根生物量可能是导致系统碳储量变化的主要因素之一。     

“平面型”十三聚合铝形态水交换反应的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函DFT量子化学计算,初步探讨了"平面型"十三聚合铝(F-Al13)的水交换反应.在B3LYP/6-31G水平下模拟了气相体系中全水合F-Al1153+与脱质子形态(F-Al913+和F-Al313+)中η-OH2(1)键合水位点的水交换反应;比较了F-Al13和K-Al13两种不同十三聚合铝形态的水交换反应特点;讨论了不同铝形态(二聚铝Al2、三聚铝Al3、Al6六元环以及Al7Anderson内核等)水交换反应研究对于阐明F-Al13形成机制的重要意义.