锡林郭勒盟不同草原类型植物群落多样性初步研究

应用双指示种分析法TWINSPAN（Two-Way Indicators Species Analysis,TWINSPAN）和无偏对应分析DCA（Detrended Correspondence Analysis,DCA）对2005年7月中旬在锡林郭勒盟不同草原类型下采集的32个样方进行分类和排序处理。研究结果表明：1）研究区依据水分的差异包括3个不同草原类型（荒漠草原、典型草原、草甸草原）,再依据热量和人为干扰的差异包括8个植物群落类型;2）草原植物群落多样性随荒漠草原-典型草原-草甸草原的变化而增加;在中度干扰下,草原植物群落比原生群落具有更高的多样性;不同草原类型过渡带的草原植物群落结构多样性比物种多样性明显。     

邻苯二甲酸酯类对水生食物链的影响研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)增塑剂被普遍用于塑料制品中,在大气、水等环境中广泛存在,其潜在危害受到关注。水环境中的PAEs,从藻类等初级生产者吸收,到浮游动物、游泳动物等通过鳃和皮肤直接接触或捕食摄取,在水生生物之间转化和传递。笔者总结了PAEs在水生食物链中不同营养级生物体的含量,分析了PAEs在食物链中富集和转化的影响因素(辛醇-水分配系数Kow、代谢转化、生长阶段等)。目前的研究表明PAEs可能在食物链中传递,最终在较高营养级生物体中富集。同时总结了5种PAEs(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酯丁苄酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯和邻苯二甲酸二甲酯)对水生生物的毒性效应的研究进展,已有研究表明PAEs对藻类的细胞器和抗氧化体系,对鱼类的生殖系统、内分泌系统和抗氧化体系都有一定程度损伤。PAEs在食物链中传递和富集现象的存在会对高营养级水生生物产生潜在危害。针对目前PAEs在食物链中传递的研究数量较少、结构简单等问题,对未来研究方向做了简要分析和展望。     

海拔梯度模拟气候变暖对高山森林土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷的影响

土壤微生物生物量在陆地生态系统碳氮磷循环中起着重要作用,是森林生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要组成部分.以青藏高原东缘的川西高山森林土壤为研究对象,将暗针叶林土壤(3 900 m)沿海拔上移到高山林线(4 000 m),模拟气候变暖对土壤有机层和矿质土壤层微生物生物量的影响.结果表明,海拔上升导致土壤温度升高,但增温并未对雪被期高山森林土壤微生物生物量及其比值产生显著影响.方差分析表明,土壤层次对微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、微生物生物量磷(MBP)影响都极显著(P0.01),对MBC/MBN、MBN/MBP影响显著(P0.05),雪被不同时期对MBN、MBP、MBC/MBN、MBC/MBP、MBN/MBP影响极显著(P0.01);相关分析表明,MBC、MBN、MBP与土壤温度和土壤湿度呈现显著正相关(P0.05);MBN、MBP与冻融次数之间呈现极显著正相关(P0.01);MBC/MBN、MBN/MBP、MBC/MBP与温度和雪被厚度呈现极显著正相关(P0.01).从长远来看,未来气候变暖对高山森林生态系统碳氮磷平衡的影响将取决于土壤微生物生物量和群落结构对这些环境因子的响应和反馈.     

Assessment of pollution of potentially harmful elements in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incinerator,China

We assessed the contamination levels of Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, As and Hg and the risks posed by these potentially harmful elements in top-soils around a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI).We collected 20 soil samples, with an average pH of 8.1, and another fly ash sample emitted from the MSWI to investigate the concentrations of these elements in soils. We determined the concentrations of these elements by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), except for Hg, which we measured by AF-610B atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS). We assessed the risks of these elements through the use of geoaccumulation index (I _geo), potential ecological risk index (RI), hazard quotient (HQ _i ) and cancer risk (Risk _i ). The results showed that concentrations of potentially harmful elements in soil were influenced by the wind direction, and the concentrations of most elements were higher in the area northwest of the MSWI, compared with the area southeast of the incinerator, with the exception of As; these results were in accordance with those results acquired from our contour maps. According to the I _geo values, some soil samples were clearly polluted by Hg emissions. However, the health risk assessment indicated that the concentrations of Hg and other elements in soil did not pose non-carcinogenic risks to the local populations. This was also the case for the carcinogenic risks posed by As, Cr, and Ni. The carcinogenic risk posed by As was higher, in the range 6.49 × 10^–6–9.58 × 10^–6, but this was still considered to be an acceptable level of risk.

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Advances in LID BMPs research and practice for urban runoff control in China

China is at present experiencing a very rapid urbanization process, which has brought a number of adverse impacts upon the water environment. In particular, urban runoff quantity and quality control have emerged as one of the key concerns for municipal officials. One of the strategies being considered is the use of a Low Impact Development type of Best Management Practices (LID BMPs) for urban storm water runoff quantity and quality control. In this paper, the situation surrounding urban runoff control in China is reviewed first. Then the conventional strategy and technologies for the construction and management of urban drainage systems are discussed, while exploring their inherent dilemmas. The LID BMPs are then introduced to control urban runoff in the context of urban sustainable water systems. After the comprehensive analysis of the various LID BMPs, the advances in LID BMPs research and practice for urban runoff control in China are investigated and summarized. At last, the difficulties of implementing LID BMPs in China are discussed, and a direction for the future is proposed.     

膜生物反应器简化模型的数值模拟及非线性动力学参数分析

通过简化传统的ASM1污泥活性模型提取出污泥和污水中底物的非线性动力学作用关系,建立一个适用于膜生物反应器的简化二维数学模型。通过修正原模型参数,该模型能和实验数据吻合良好,证明了该模型的有效性。在此基础上从非线性动力学的角度对数学模型进行有界性和稳定性的验证和分析,从理论的角度提出了模型参数选取的范围。     

DNA条形码识别 Ⅵ：基于微型DNA条形码的果实蝇物种鉴定

选用双翅目实蝇科12属36种55个样本为材料,将其DNA条形码(mtDNACOI基因648 bp)与微型DNA条形码(mtDNACOI基因50～200 bp)数据进行比较分析,探讨微型DNA条形码对果实蝇物种鉴定的可行性.采用虚拟实验(Silico analysis),将BOLD数据库中49个样本的序列分别拆成648 bp、160 bp、50 bp三个片段,通过构建NJ树,并进行遗传距离分析,得出每个片段鉴定物种的准确性依次为100%、94%、84%.同时做了实体实验(Empirical test),得到了果实蝇属6个物种的COI序列,将其与虚拟实验中的49个样本序列合并,以DNA-barcode指定序列5'端160 bp序列为分析基础,通过遗传距离分析,得出其鉴定物种的准确性为94%,验证了虚拟实验结果.即微型DNA条形码(Minimalist-barcode)鉴定果实蝇物种的准确性与DNA条形码基本一致,均可作为果实蝇物种鉴定的有效依据.图2表1参29附1     

Effects of Al3+ on pollutant removal and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) under anaerobic,anoxic and oxic conditions

The highest removal efficiencies of COD and TN were achieved under 10 mg/L of Al³⁺. The highest TP removal efficiency occurred under 30 mg/L of Al³⁺. EPS, PS and PN concentrations increased with the addition of Al³⁺. Sludge properties significantly changed with the addition of Al³⁺. Aluminum ions produced by aluminum mining, electrolytic industry and aluminum-based coagulants can enter wastewater treatment plants and interact with activated sludge. They can subsequently contribute to the removal of suspended solids and affect activated sludge flocculation, as well as nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In this study, the effects of Al³⁺ on pollutant removal, sludge flocculation and the composition and structure of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were investigated under anaerobic, anoxic and oxic conditions. Results demonstrated that the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies were detected for an Al³⁺ concentration of 10 mg/L. In addition, the maximal dehydrogenase activity and sludge flocculation were also observed at this level of Al³⁺. The highest removal efficiency of total phosphorus (TP) was achieved at an Al³⁺ concentration of 30 mg/L. The flocculability of sludge in the anoxic zone was consistently higher than that in the anaerobic and oxic zones. The addition of Al³⁺ promoted the secretion of EPS. Tryptophan-like fluorescence peaks were detected in each EPS layer in the absence of Al³⁺. At the Al³⁺ concentration of 10 mg/L, fulvic acid and tryptophan fluorescence peaks began to appear, while the majority of protein species and the highest microbial activity were also detected. Low Al³⁺ concentrations (<10 mg/L) could promote the removal efficiencies of COD and TN, yet excessive Al³⁺ levels (>10 mg/L) weakened microbial activity. Higher Al³⁺ concentrations (>30 mg/L) also inhibited the release of phosphorus in the anaerobic zone by reacting with PO₄^3-.     

苯并[a]芘和9,10-二甲基蒽对皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis dis-cus hannai)早期发育的毒性研究

为探究海洋中多环芳烃(PAHs)对海洋生物的毒性作用,以皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)为受试生物,采用半静水式实验方式,探讨了2种多环芳烃苯并[a]芘和9,10-二甲基蒽对皱纹盘鲍早期发育的毒性效应。在不同浓度的苯并[a]芘和9,10-二甲基蒽作用下,观察皱纹盘鲍的卵子受精率、胚胎发育时间和幼体死亡率。结果表明,高浓度的多环芳烃处理组与对照组相比,卵子的受精率显著降低,胚胎发育时间和幼体死亡率显著增加,与处理浓度之间存在显著的剂量-效应关系(P<0.05)。3～12 d中,苯并[a]芘对皱纹盘鲍幼体的LC_(10)分别为11.6、8.18、7.67和7.66 mg·L~(-1),9,10-二甲基蒽对皱纹盘鲍幼体的LC10分别为14.91、14.11、12.82和9.64 mg·L~(-1)。苯并[a]芘毒性大于9,10-二甲基蒽。     

鲍鱼对2种多环芳烃的富集动力学研究

为探究多环芳烃(PAHs)在海洋生物体内富集过程,选择皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)作为受试生物,应用半静态双箱动力学模型,分别考察了3-甲基菲和9,10-甲基蒽2种多环芳烃在皱纹盘鲍体内的富集动力学过程,通过非线性拟合获得鲍鱼对2种多环芳烃的吸收速率常数(K_1)、释放速率常数(K_2)、生物富集因子(BCF),以及平衡状态下鲍鱼体内2种多环芳烃的含量(Cmax)、生物学半衰期(t_(1/2))等动力学参数。结果表明,鲍鱼对9,10-甲基蒽富集动力学参数K_1、K_2、BCF、Cmax、t_(1/2)的平均值分别为4.9437、0.406、13.59、790.03μg·L~(-1)、3.78 d。鲍鱼对3-甲基菲富集动力学参数K_1、K_2、BCF、Cmax、t_(1/2)的平均值分别为2.3023、0.367、5.97、354.37μg·L~(-1)、3.13 d。鲍鱼在不同浓度下对3-甲基菲和9,10-甲基蒽的生物富集过程均符合双箱动力学模型。