初始pH值对连续投加铝盐混凝去除小分子有机物的影响机制

以污水厂二级出水中小分子有机物强化混凝去除为目的,提出了连续投加混凝工艺(CDC),并以水杨酸为模型小分子有机物,研究了初始pH值对CDC工艺去除效果的影响以及铝离子与水杨酸的络合特性.结果表明,初始pH值6时CDC工艺的去除率最高,比常规混凝工艺提升了13.8%.但是初始pH值5和7时CDC工艺的提升效果较小.三维荧光结果表明,不同pH值下水杨酸和铝离子的络合特性不同.X射线光电子能谱和电喷雾质谱结果表明,pH值5时CDC工艺前期主要生成1:1络合物Al(OH)(C₇H₄O₃)(H₂O)₂.其络合作用强烈,稳定性较高,难以从水中去除.pH值6时前期主要生成中等聚合铝(如原位Al₁₃),其与水杨酸形成的络合物可以参与到铝离子的生长过程,最终生成表面崎岖形态松散的珊瑚礁状絮体,强化了水杨酸的去除.pH值7时,主要生成不定形氢氧化铝,通过絮体表面吸附小分子有机物.     

初始温度对废轮胎热解的影响

以管式炉热解实验和热重分析为基础,研究了初始温度对废轮胎热解产率及气相产物特性影响。结果表明,初始温度对废轮胎的热解存在重要影响。热重分析结果表明,废轮胎的热解过程存在2个主要失重过程,第一失重温度区间为200～500℃,第二失重温度区间为650～800℃;升温速率仅改变了热解的最大失重速率,并未改变废轮胎最终热解失重率;可通过提高升温速率能够缩短热解反应时间。在初始温度低于100℃时,废轮胎在800℃时热解已基本结束;当终温为800℃、初始温度在100～550℃范围内时,随着初始温度的提高,固、气两相产物产率均提高,而液相产物产率降低;其中气相中H2、CO和CH4的含量高于初始温度小于100℃时的含量;分析认为,可以通过调节热解的初始温度调节废轮胎热解在不同热解阶段的时间分配,适当提高热解初始温度有利于提高整个热解过程中的时间利用效率、改变废轮胎热解产物的分布;废轮胎热解气化的最佳温度区间为500～800℃。     

Effects of ethyl 2-methyl acetoacetate (EMA) on the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum

We investigated the effects of ethyl 2-methyl acetoacetate (EMA) on growth of the marine diatom algae Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) and Skeletonema costatum (S. costatum). Growth of P. tricornutum was significantly inhibited by the minimum concentration (3.5 mmol·L ^?1) of EMA at lower initial algal densities (IADs) (3.6×10⁴ and 3.3×10⁵ cells·mL ^?1). However, at the highest IAD, significant growth inhibition was found at above 7 mmol·L ^?1 of EMA exposure. In S. costatum, EMA concentrations of 10.5 mmol·L ^?1 or more significantly inhibited growth at lower IAD (3×10⁴ and 1.8×10⁵ cells·mL ^?1); at the highest IAD, only EMA concentrations above 14 mmol·L ^?1 obviously inhibited the growth of S. costatum. Changes in specific growth rates and pigment were consistent with algal growth, but only at higher EMA concentrations or lower IAD values was the ratio of chlorophyll a (Chla) to carotenoid significantly lower than the control. Medium effective concentration (EC ₅₀) values were in the order 4.07, 8.03 and 12.27 mmol·L ^?1 for P. tricornutum and 7.48, 11.92 and 17.22 mmol·L ^?1 for S. costatum. All these results show that the effect of EMA on the growth of algae was species specific and mainly depended on IAD, which might be an important factor to influence algal growth.     

电刺激条件下初始pH值对剩余污泥厌氧消化效果的影响

在厌氧消化反应器中施加0.6V电压刺激,考察初始pH值(3,5,7,9,11)对剩余污泥厌氧消化效果的影响.结果表明,当初始pH值为9、厌氧消化至32d时,污泥挥发性固体有机物去除率为38.1%,甲烷产率为224mLCH₄/g VS;同样的消化时间内,初始pH值为7的对照组,其挥发性固体有机物去除率为32.2%,甲烷产率仅为162mLCH₄/g VS.调节初始pH值可加速污泥水解酸化过程,其中pH值为11时,水解酸化效果最好,比其他pH值条件下产生更多的挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs).在产酸高峰期,初始pH值为3、11时,乙酸和丁酸是主要产物;初始pH值为5、7、9时,主要产物是乙酸和丙酸.调节初始pH值能加速氨氮的释放,且pH值为酸性(3,5)时的氨氮浓度高于碱性条件下(9,11)的浓度.     

国内典型城市降雨径流初期累积特征分析

提出以携带50%污染物负荷的径流定义初期雨水,选取累积50%污染物负荷的历时(T50)及对应累积径流深度(D50)两个参数,总结分析典型山地城市、平原城市、河网城市等6个城市17场降雨径流污染物累积特征.进一步以山地城市和平原城市为例,探讨了不同降雨强度、区域环境径流污染物累积特征及相互影响.结果表明,径流污染物累积趋势完全一致但特征不同,山地城市、河网城市、高原城市和河口城市表现为初期累积,平原城市则表现为中期累积.随着雨强增大,污染物D50骤增,T50锐减.相比平原城市,山地城市不同类型污染物D50更大、T50更小,山地城市和平原城市分别截留初期7.4mm和5.2mm径流可以控制50%污染物负荷.     

基于鲸鱼优化算法与投影寻踪耦合的云南省初始水权分配

论文基于公平性、效率性和可持续性原则,选取水资源开发用率等17个分水指标建立云南省初始水权分配指标体系,运用投影寻踪（Projection Pursuit, PP）技术确定云南省各州市初始水权分配水量。针对PP技术最佳投影方向难以确定的不足,利用一种新型群智能算法——鲸鱼优化算法（Whale Optimization Algorithm, WOA）寻优PP模型最佳投影方向,构建WOA-PP耦合的初始水权分配模型。通过6个典型测试函数对WOA进行仿真验证,仿真结果与文化算法（Cultural Algorithm, CA）、差分进化（Differential Evolution, DE）算法、混合蛙跳算法（Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm, SFLA）、布谷鸟搜索（Cuckoo Search, CS）算法、粒子群优化（Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO）算法和人工蜂群（Artificial Bee Colony, ABC）算法的寻优结果进行比较。结果表明：1）无论是单峰还是多峰函数,WOA能够探索不同的搜索空间,具有良好的开发和勘探能力,对Sphere等6个函数的寻优精度高于CA、DE、SFLA、CS、PSO和ABC算法,表现出较好的寻优精度、收敛速度、全局寻优能力与收敛稳定性。2）从WOA-PP模型初始水权分配结果及目前实行的综合法水量分配结果对比来看,2015年昭通、丽江、临沧、红河、文山、怒江两种方法的分配结果相差最小,在0.11亿~0.41亿m³之间;玉溪、普洱、大理、德宏和迪庆两种方法的分配结果相差最大,在2.06亿~4.38亿m³之间;其余州市两种方法的分配结果在1.12亿~1.61亿m³之间。2020年保山、昭通、丽江、临沧、红河、文山、怒江两种方法的分配结果相差最小,在0.02亿~0.41亿m³之间;昆明、玉溪和德宏两种方法的分配结果相差最大,分别为5.89亿、5.66亿和3.54亿m³;其余州市两种方法的分配结果在1.89亿~2.85亿m³之间。3）论文提出的初始水权分配模型及方法具有一定的可操作性和有效性,可为区域初始水权分配提供新的思路和方法。     

ROLE OF BASEFLOW IN RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONS1

ABSTRACT. The role of initial baseflow, or the baseflow at the beginning of storm precipitation, in modifying mathematical rainfall-runoff relations is analyzed by using data from 95 storms over a drainage basin in Illinois. A regression model is set up with total runoff, surface runoff, baseflow runoff, and peak flow as dependent variables, and storm precipitation, initial baseflow, effective and total storm durations, and highest and lowest temperatures during the storm as independent variables. Stepwise regression analyses show that storm precipitation and initial baseflow are the most important variables for making dependent variable estimates. The standard error estimates using only storm precipitation and initial baseflow as predictors show a seasonal trend with a peak in July, August, or September. An understanding of the role of baseflow as an indicator of average soil moisture condition over the basin can be of great help in short-term reservoir regulation and flood warning.     

再生水水质环境中典型水华藻的生长特性

基于微藻的生长潜力试验,研究了再生水回用于景观水体时的水华风险.结果表明,在天然混合藻种接种体系中,铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)在再生水水质条件下的生长潜力大于其他受试藻种,其在3种二级出水(A2O、氧化沟和活性污泥)中的最大藻密度均可大于106个.mL-1,比生长速率0.39 d-1.A2O-超滤膜过滤-活性炭吸附-氯消毒深度处理工艺没有有效减低铜绿微囊藻的生长潜力,难以减小水华风险.再生水中的TP浓度能够明显影响铜绿微囊藻的最大密度(Kmax)和最大种群增长速率(Rmax),且符合Monod方程.     

Rainwater utilization and storm pollution control based on urban runoff characterization

The characteristics of urban runoffs and their impact on rainwater utilization and storm pollution control were investigated in three different functional areas of Zhengzhou City, China. The results showed that in the same rain event the pollutant loads (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS)) in the sampling areas were in the order of industrial area > commercial area > residential area, and within the same area the COD and TSS concentrations of road runoffs were higher than those of roof runoffs. The first flush effects in roof and road runoffs were observed, hence the initial rainwater should be treated separately to reduce rainwater utilization cost and control storm pollution. The initial roof rainfall of 2 mm in residential area, 5 mm in commercial area and 10 mm in industrial area, and the initial road rainfall of 4 mm in residential area and all the road rainfall in commercial and industrial areas should be collected and treated accordingly before direct discharge or utilization. Based on the strong correlation between COD and TSS (R~2, 0.87-0.95) and the low biodegradation capacity (biochemical oxygen demand BOD_5/COD < 0.3), a sedimentation process and an effective filtration system composed of soil and slag were designed to treat the initial rainwater, which could remove over 90% of the pollutant loads. The above results may help to develop better rainwater utilization and pollution control strategies for cities with water shortages.     

Rainwater utilization and storm pollution control based on urban runo characterization

The characteristics of urban runo s and their impact on rainwater utilization and storm pollution control were investigated in three di erent functional areas of Zhengzhou City, China. The results showed that in the same rain event the pollutant loads (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS)) in the sampling areas were in the order of industrial area > commercial area > residential area, and within the same area the COD and TSS concentrations of road runo s were higher than those of roof runo s. The first flush e ects in roof and road runo s were observed, hence the initial rainwater should be treated separately to reduce rainwater utilization cost and control storm pollution. The initial roof rainfall of 2 mm in residential area, 5 mm in commercial area and 10 mm in industrial area, and the initial road rainfall of 4 mm in residential area and all the road rainfall in commercial and industrial areas should be collected and treated accordingly before direct discharge or utilization. Based on the strong correlation between COD and TSS (R2, 0.87–0.95) and the low biodegradation capacity (biochemical oxygen demand BOD5/COD < 0.3), a sedimentation process and an e ective filtration system composed of soil and slag were designed to treat the initial rainwater, which could remove over 90% of the pollutant loads. The above results may help to develop better rainwater utilization and pollution control strategies for cities with water shortages.