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91.
Fava L Orrú MA Businelli D Scardala S Funari E 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(6):386-391
BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Laboratory studies were conducted with the aim of defining the leaching potential of some phenylureas and their metabolites. A first study was performed for calculating their leaching index (as GUS) on the base of intrinsic properties: persistence (as DT50) and mobility (as Koc) in soil. Another study consisted of aged column leaching experiments whose meaning was to semi-quantify the occurrence of the tested compounds in the leachates, so simulating in field conditions. METHODS: The tested compounds were: diuron, linuron and monolinuron (parents); 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), 4-chloroaniline (CLA), 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylurea (DCPMU), 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (DCPU), 1-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (CPU) and monuron, this latter considered both as a metabolite and parent compound. The Koc values of the examined substances were determined by the HPLC screening methods, according to the OECD TG 121. DT50 determinations and aged column leaching experiments were carried out according to SETAC procedures. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The examined compounds showed a rather wide range of persistence in soil, with DT50 values less than 2 days for DCA and CLA, close to 8 days for DCPU and CPU and from 16 (diuron) up to 24.8 (DCPMU) days for the others. Their mobility was generally high, based on their Koc values, which ranged from 33 (CPU) to 406 (linuron). The GUS indices indicated that monuron has a clear potential to contaminate groundwater (> 2.8); DCPMU, monolinuron, CPU and diuron are intermediate contaminants (1.8-2.8). Linuron, DCPU, CLA and DCA exhibited a non-leaching behaviour (< 1.8). The aged leaching column experiments showed that parents were found in the leachates at very high percentages respect to the doses applied. The metabolites reached much less percentages, the highest values were observed for monuron from diuron (5.7), CPU (7.2) and DCPMU (8.2%). CONCLUSION: Diuron, Monuron, CPU and DCPMU on the basis of their intrinsic properties, formation from their parents and occurrence in leachates from aged column leaching studies, seem to possess the characteristics of groundwater contaminants. The methodological approach of this study is relatively easy and rapid, hence it can represent a tool for a first screening of compounds such as pesticide metabolites (generally available only in small quantities and for which a field study is not conceivable) or other compounds for which not adequate environmental data are available. 相似文献
92.
研究了1株能快速降解疏水性化合物的铜绿假单胞菌NY3对菲的降解机理。GC-MS分析表明,该菌代谢菲的各个阶段,能够被检测到的主要酸性产物有1-羟基-2-萘甲酸、α-萘酚、邻羟基苯基羰基乙酸、水杨酸、苯甲酸等。铜绿假单胞菌NY3经过一系列氧化代谢将菲转化为1-羟基-2-萘甲酸,进一步反应生成α-萘酚。由菲到1-羟基-2-萘甲酸,未检测到其他产物,说明该阶段产物被继续代谢的速度快,产物含量低不易积累。1-羟基-2-萘甲酸为体系中积累的唯一的主要代谢产物。尽管继续代谢速度慢,但它可以按照α-萘酚、邻羟基苯基羰基乙酸、水杨酸、苯甲酸途径被继续转化。NY3降解菲的代谢产物中未检测到二羟基萘、苯二酚等多羟基化合物,但羟基和羧基处于邻位的化合物,如1-羟基-2-萘甲酸和水杨酸有非常明显积累的趋势,α-萘酚和苯甲酸积累速度次之。 相似文献
93.
Ernesto Mollo Margherita Gavagnin Marianna Carbone Yue-Wei Guo Guido Cimino 《Chemoecology》2005,15(1):31-36
Summary. Two Ceratosoma species, C. trilobatum and C. gracillimum (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opistobranchia), collected along the South China Sea coast, have been studied in order to investigate their defensive strategies. Both species contain four typical sponge furanosesquiterpenoids, probably with a dietary origin. The tissue distribution of these compounds has been studied by 1H-NMR analysis and preliminary bioassays have been carried out in order to evaluate the ecological role of the isolated metabolites. The main sesquiterpene component in both species was (–)-furodysinin (2), which showed significant feeding-deterrent and ichthyotoxic properties in bioassays with freshwater organisms. The work has been performed studying a very limited number of molluscs that prevented the realization of ecologically relevant experiments. However, the almost exclusive presence of compound 2 in the crude extract of the mantle glands concentrated in the dorsal horn of C. gracillimum strongly supports the defensive role of that dorsal protuberance, which probably acts as a defensive lure attracting potential predators to the part of the animal that contains the distasteful chemicals. 相似文献
94.
Assessment of bioavailable PAH, PCB and OCP concentrations in water, using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), sediments and caged carp 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Bioavailable water concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were assessed at several freshwater sites in and around the city of Amsterdam. Carp (Cyprinus carpio) were caged for 4 weeks at 10 sites, together with semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). In addition, sediment samples were taken at each site. SPMDs and sediments were analysed for PAHs, PCBs and OCPs. Carp muscle tissues were analysed for PCBs and OCP, while PAH metabolites were assessed in fish bile. Contaminant concentrations in the water phase were estimated using three different methods: 1. Using fish tissue concentrations and literature bioconcentration factors (BCFs), 2. Using SPMD levels and a kinetic SPMD uptake model, and 3. Using sediment levels and literature sorption coefficients (Kocs). Since PAH accumulation in fish is not considered an accurate indicator of PAH exposure, calculated aqueous PAH concentrations from SPMD data were compared with semiquantitatively determined biliary PAH metabolite levels. Contaminant concentrations in the water phase estimated with fish data (Cwfish) and SPMD data (Cwspmd) were more in line for compounds with lower Kow than for compounds with higher Kow values. This indicates that the assumption of fish–water sorption equilibrium was not valid. At most sites, sediment-based water levels (Cwsed) were comparable with the Cwspmd, although large differences were observed at certain sites. A significant correlation was observed between biliary PAH metabolite levels in fish and aqueous PAH concentrations estimated with SPMD data, suggesting that both methods may be accurate indicators of PAH exposure in aquatic ecosystems. 相似文献
95.
96.
Tony Hadibarat Abdull Rahim Mohd Yusoff Azmi Aris Risky Ayu Kristanti 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2012,24(4):728-732
Armillaria sp. F022, a white rot fungus isolated from tropical rain forest (Samarinda, Indonesia) was used to biodegrade naphthalene in cultured medium. Transformation of naphthalene by Armillaria sp. F022 which is able to use naphthalene, a two ring-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) as a source of carbon and energy was investigated. The metabolic pathway was elucidated by identifying metabolites, biotransformation studies and monitoring enzyme activities in cell-free extracts. The identification of metabolites suggests that Armillaria sp. F022 initiates its attack on naphthalene by dioxygenation at its C-1 and C-4 positions to give 1,4-naphthoquinone. The intermediate 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and salicylic acid, and the characteristic of the meta-cleavage of the resulting diol were identified in the long-term incubation. A part from typical metabolites of naphthalene degradation known from mesophiles, benzoic acid was identified as the next intermediate for the naphthalene pathway of this Armillaria sp. F022. Neither phthalic acid, catechol and cis,cis-muconic acid metabolites were detected in culture extracts. Several enzymes (manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, laccase, 1,2-dioxygenase and 2,3-dioxygenase) produced by Armillaria sp. F022 were detected during the incubation. 相似文献
97.
The evaluation of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant metabolites was done in leaf tissues of Azadirachta indica, Butea monosperma, Cassia fistula, Mangifera indica, and Syzygium cumini growing in the Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India. The plants are naturally exposed to drought stress and high temperatures during summer. Enzymatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging mechanisms in plants include superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase, catalase, and guaiacol peroxidase, and non-enzymatic antioxidants including the carotenoids, proline, and vitamin C were studied. The strategies to cope up with ROS under these extreme conditions are plant-specific. The highest activity of APX was found in M. indica (13.6?±?2.4?units?g?1 fresh wt.). A. indica exhibited maximum guaiacol peroxidase activity (0.024?±?0.006?units?min?g?1 fresh wt.), while S. cumini showed maximum SOD (12.5?±?2.3?units?g?1 fresh wt.) and catalase activities (6.9?±?2.2?units?g?1 fresh wt.). M. indica and S. cumini have been found to be more potent antioxidant systems among the studied plants. 相似文献
98.
The phenylurea herbicide diuron [N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea] is widely used alone or in a broad range of herbicide formulations. Its degradation in sugarcane-cultivated soils which have been impacted by the herbicide through repeated applications was studied. Liquid culture experiments with diuron as the only carbon source led to the isolation of different bacterial strains capable of degrading diuron. The bacterial species belonging to the genera Bacillus, Vagococcus, and Burkholderia, identified through biochemical and molecular characterization, degraded diuron to different extents. The isolated Bacillus cereus, Vagococcus fluvialis, Burkholderia ambifaria, and Bacillus spp1 degraded diuron by 21%, 25%, 22%, and 19% of the initially applied concentration of 40?mg?L?1, respectively, after 35 days of incubation in liquid culture media. Small amounts of 3,4-dichloroaniline and the de-methylated metabolite N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methylurea were detected in liquid culture media. The combination of V. fluvialis and B. ambifaria showed an enhanced degradation of up to 30% of the initially applied concentration of 40?mg?L?1. Degradation by pure isolates was low (18–25%) compared to the capacities of diuron degradation shown by the bacterial communities (58–74%). This study showed the presence of diuron degraders in sugarcane-cultivated soils impacted by diuron due to repeated applications. 相似文献
99.
100.
A. Mosleh Arany T. J. de Jong H. K. Kim N. M. van Dam Y. H. Choi R. Verpoorte E. van der Meijden 《Chemoecology》2008,18(2):65-71
Because many secondary metabolites in plants act as defense against herbivores it has been postulated that these compounds
have evolved under selective pressure by insect herbivores. One explanation for the within-species variation in metabolite
patterns in a particular species is that different populations are under selection by different herbivores. We tested this
hypothesis, using Arabidopsis thaliana plants that originated from dune and inland areas. We analyzed Arabidopsis thaliana leaves using NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. Major differences in chemical composition were found in water-methanol
fractions and were due to higher concentrations of sinigrin and fumaric acid in dune plants. Inland plants showed lower levels
of glucose. Quantitative analysis of glucosinolates was performed with HPLC. Individual plants and populations demonstrated
differences in glucosinolate composition and concentration. In growth chamber experiments, the generalist herbivore, Spodoptera exigua grew significantly better on the inland plants, while the specialist herbivore Plutella xylostella performed equally well on plants of both origins. Aliphatic glucosinolate as well as total glucosinolate concentrations negatively
correlated with larval mass of Spodoptera exigua. No significant correlations, however, were found between larval mass of Plutella xylostella and glucosinolates in the leaves. A specialist and a generalist herbivore were responding differently to plant secondary
chemistry, as was also found in several other studies. This is an important indication that differences in glucosinolate concentrations
among populations may result from differential selection by different guilds of herbivores. 相似文献