The effect of diesel fuel on common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants

When petroleum hydrocarbons contaminate soil, the carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the soil is altered. The added carbon stimulates microbial numbers but causes an imbalance in the C:N ratio which may result in immobilization of soil nitrogen by the microbial biomass, leaving none available for plant growth. As members of Leguminosae fix atmospheric nitrogen to produce their own nitrogen for growth, they may prove more successful at growing on petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites. During a wider study on phytoremediation of diesel fuel contaminated soil, particular attention was given to the performance of legumes versus other plant species. During harvesting of pot experiments containing leguminous plants, a recurring difference in the number and formation of root nodules present on control and contaminated Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants was observed. The total number of nodules per plant was significantly reduced in contaminated plants compared to control plants but nodules on contaminated plants were more developed than corresponding nodules on control plants. Plant performance of Common vetch and Westerwold's ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) was compared to illustrate any difference between the ability of legumes and grasses to grow on diesel fuel contaminated soil. Common vetch was less affected by diesel fuel and performed better in low levels of diesel fuel contaminated soil than Westerwolds ryegrass. The total amount of diesel fuel remaining after 4 months in Common vetch planted soil was slightly less than in Westerwolds ryegrass planted soil.     

Concentrations of arsenic and heavy metals in vegetation at two abandoned mine tailings in South Korea

Untreated abandoned mines may result in hazards to ecosystems due to dispersion of various toxic elements such as arsenic (As) and lead (Pb). Phytoremediation is an alternative of remediation for large scale mine dumps. Plant species were sampled from two abandoned gold (Au) mines in South Korea. Plant samples were digested following the guidelines of US EPA Method 3050 (US-EPA, 1996) and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Concentrations and bioaccumulation factors of plants are reported and out-performing species are summarized. Poplar trees (Populus davidiana) growing on the Myoungbong tailings were suggested to be a potential species for revegetation of large scale Au mine tailings. Arsenic accumulations of bracken ferns (Pteridium aquilinum) sampled from the Duckum tailings were far lower than those of the reported hyperaccumulators, but the possible chronic adverse effects on residents through daily diet are of concern.     

有机酸在修复Cd污染土壤中的作用研究

采用盆栽实验研究了有机酸在镉污染土壤修复中的作用.结果表明:土壤采用有机酸处理均能促进试验植物蒲公英的生长.施加有机酸显著的改变了植株各部位镉含量.酒石酸抑制植株各部位对镉的吸收,说明酒石酸可减轻镉对植株的毒害作用.醋酸、EDTA、柠檬酸、乳酸、草酸均能促进植株地上部对镉的吸收作用,其作用次序为醋酸＞EDTA＞柠檬酸＞乳酸＞草酸.施加有机酸增强土壤中重金属的活性,提高植株修复能力.     

甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)蒸腾流浓度因子(TSCF)的试验评估

甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)是北美燃料市场最常用的汽油添加剂，由于在土壤中的不吸附性和极高的水溶性．MT-BE已成为一种蔓延性的地下水污染物．植物修复技术被认为是目前对MTBE污染治理最为有效的方法之一．蒸腾流浓度因子（TSCF)作为植物修复技术中十分重要的参数，其通常是用污染物的辛醇-水分配系数(Kow)直接评估的。由于不同植物其体内脂肪含量不同，所以如果仅用污染物的Kow值来计算其TSCF值，往往不能准确表达污染物在植物体内的传输行为．由于MTBE在植物体内不发生降解，植物挥发是MTBE植物修复技术中唯一的作用机理．本实验用一自行设计的植物反应器来测定MTBE在不同温度条件下的TSCF值．长出新根须和嫩叶的柳树(Salix alba)枝条在一容积500mL的植物反应器中生长9-12d(其中MTBE溶液500mL，浓度4．81-6．60mg／L)来观察柳树对MTBE的吸收。MTBE的去除率和柳树的蒸腾量之间的关系用来计算其TSCF值．在15℃，20℃和25℃条件下，MTBE的TSCF值分别为0.58,0.75和0.49．本实验结果表明，柳树对MTBE的吸收是一个被动的行为，并且MTBE在柳树体内随蒸腾流的传输也有一定的限度。图2表1参11。     

磷酸对八宝景天热解过程中As、Pb迁移转化的影响

本文利用管式炉在不同温度下对八宝景天进行直接热解和磷酸预处理热解,研究了As、Pb的迁移特性和形态分布.结果表明：生物炭中As的回收率随温度升高波动,Pb的回收率随温度升高先增大后减小,As、Pb的回收率均在500℃时达到最大,分别为66.2%和73.08%.添加8%磷酸后As、Pb回收率在一定温度范围内增加,并在300℃时达到最大值,分别为83.75%和92.78%.热解温度由300℃升到600℃时,生物炭中As的稳定形态（F4+F5）由不足20%增加到70%左右,Pb的最稳定形态（F5）由3%增加到32%.添加8%磷酸热解后,生物炭中As的稳定性小幅增加,500和600℃时F5分别增加20%和5%;Pb的稳定性显著增加,（F4+F5）均达到90%以上.磷酸添加量对重金属形态分布无明显影响.实验结果表明采用磷酸预处理用于修复植物热解可提高生物炭中重金属As、Pb的回收率及稳定性,并可降低其生态风险指数.     

电场强化博落回修复铀镉复合污染土壤机理

采用盆栽试验,研究了在0.3V/cm的外加直流电场作用下,博落回的生物量、富集铀（U）的性能和抗氧化酶活性,以及其根际土壤中有机酸含量、U和镉（Cd）的结合形态、植物根部U的价态、微生物群落结构的变化等.结果表明,施加直流电场后,博落回总生物量升高了15.33%~29.88%,其中电场+铀污染（DC+U）和电场+镉污染（DC+Cd）处理组的博落回对U和Cd的富集系数提高了90.84%和93.33%;土壤中草酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸和乳酸含量分别增加了18.36%~45.31%、58.62%~503.22%、15.71%~118.99%、12.34%~123.27%和25.97%~36.05%;过氧化物酶（POD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）的活性分别提高了13.63%~34.82%和9.70%~28.64%;根际土壤中植物可利用态U、Cd所占比例显著增大;博落回根部的大部分U由稳定的U（IV）变成了更容易从地下部分向地上部分转移的U（VI）;酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）等细菌菌门和子囊菌门（Ascomycota）等真菌菌门比例升高,这些微生物通过提高酶活性增强了博落回对U、Cd的耐受性和富集作用.     

基于层次分析法的石油污染土壤修复植物评价

为解决石油污染土壤原位修复时出现的修复植物选取工作量大、耗时长等问题,采用层次分析法和优劣解距离法建立了一套石油污染土壤修复植物评价体系,结合四川长宁页岩气井场现状,在使用层次分析法确定了各指标权重的基础上,利用优劣解距离法对初始备选植物进行排序;并利用权重敏感性分析和室内试验校核。结果表明,排序与试验结果基本一致,该评价体系具有可行性。     

攀枝花钒钛矿区植物对钛的富集特性研究

通过野外调查采样,分析了四川省攀枝花市朱家包包钒钛矿区土壤的重金属含量,以及攀枝花市朱家包包钒钛矿区生长的20种植物体内Ti的含量,并初步研究了植物对Ti的富集特性。结果表明,20种植物体内Ti的含量都未达到超富集植物的标准。在这些植物中,12号植物地上部对Ti的富集量最高;蕨类植物地下部对Ti的富集量最高;紫荆泽兰的富集能力较强而且其转移能力也是最强的,可作为Ti元素的耐性植物进行更进一步的研究。     

Assessment of Cs and Sr accumulation in two epiphytic species of Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) in vitro

Multiple nuclides commonly occur together and exert toxicity simultaneously, but the difference between single and combined effects of the nuclides is rarely investigated. Epiphytic Tillandsia species are efficient air pollution biomonitors, but rarely used to monitor nuclide contamination. Two Tillandsia species, that is, T. brachycaulos and T. stricta, were chosen to test their capacity to accumulate Cs and Sr. Most plants were able to endure Cs and Sr stress for a long period, which suggested these species could resist toxic elements physiologically and metabolically. With the increasing Cs or Sr concentrations, nuclide contents in both species increased significantly, indicating the potential of Tillandsia species in monitoring nuclide pollutants. However, when the plants were treated with combined nuclides, the content of each ion decreased distinctly compared to those treated with single ion, which suggested Cs and Sr influenced and inhibited each other. In addition, T. brachycaulos seemed more efficient in the uptake of Sr, while T. stricta was more efficient for Cs. Both species accumulated more Sr than Cs at low concentrations, while more Cs than Sr at high concentrations. These results indicated that the uptake of Cs and Sr was related to both the concentrations of the nuclides and the plant species exposed.     

污泥耐受性草本植物的筛选及其对重金属Cu、Zn的富集

为探索植物修复污泥中重金属污染的可行性,配制不同污泥含量的介质土开展盆栽实验,对从河南、云南和上海等地收集的抗逆性强的19种草本植物进行污泥适应性筛选；研究了植物对污泥的生理响应及其对重金属Cu、Zn的吸收和分布.结果表明,上海市浦东新区白龙港污水处理厂污泥农用是可行的,农用时污泥比例应控制在60％以下；筛选出三叶鬼针草、稗子、荆芥和金叶马兰4种污泥耐受性植物；三叶鬼针草具有修复重金属Cu、Zn污染土壤的潜力；稗子具有修复重金属Zn污染土壤的能力；金叶马兰具有修复重金属Cu、Zn污染土壤的能力.