定量评估气候变化对长江中下游地区植被GPPGS变化的影响

在区域和植被类型尺度上定量厘定气候因子对长江中下游地区生长季植被GPP（GPP_GS）的直接、间接和综合影响,可为全球气候变化背景下区域植被资源管理与恢复提供科学依据.利用MODIS GPP数据、气象数据和植被类型数据,结合Theil-Sen Median趋势分析和Mann-Kendall显著性检验探究长江中下游地区植被GPP_GS时空变化特征,并通过通径分析揭示气候因子对长江中下游地区整体和不同类型植被GPP_GS变化的直接影响、间接影响和综合影响.结果表明：①2000~2021年长江中下游地区植被GPP_GS呈波动上升趋势,上升速率（以C计,下同）为2.70 g·（m²·a）^-1 （P<0.01）.不同类型植被GPP_GS均呈极显著上升趋势（P<0.01）,其中,灌丛上升速率最高,为3.31 g·（m²·a）^-1,栽培植被上升速率最低,为2.54 g·（m²·a）^-1.②长江中下游地区GPP_GS呈上升趋势的面积占比为88.11%.不同类型植被GPP_GS呈上升趋势的面积占比均大于84%.③通径分析结果表明,降水和最高气温对植被GPP_GS的直接影响呈显著正向影响（P<0.05）,而太阳辐射呈不显著正向影响（P≥0.05）.最高气温、降水和太阳辐射对植被GPP_GS的间接影响均呈非显著负向影响（P≥0.05）.在直接影响和间接影响的综合作用下,降水和最高气温对植被GPP_GS呈不显著正向影响（P≥0.05）,而太阳辐射对植被GPP_GS呈不显著负向影响（P≥0.05）;不同植被类型上,降水是影响栽培植被GPP_GS变化的主要气候因子,最高气温是影响针叶林、阔叶林、灌丛和草丛GPP_GS变化的主要气候因子.④长江中下游地区植被GPP_GS变化主要受最高气温、降水和太阳辐射的直接影响,降水的直接影响对植被GPP_GS变化的主导区域占56.72%.研究结果可为量化长江中下游地区植被固碳潜力和全球气候变化背景下制定因地制宜的生态恢复治理政策提供参考.     

渭河流域浮游植物功能群与环境因子的关系

为分析渭河流域不同水期浮游植物的时空分布特征,于丰水期(2012年9月)和枯水期(2013年4月)对渭河流域浮游植物群落结构和水环境理化特征进行了野外调查,基于Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及MRPP(多响应置换过程)、浮游植物功能群划分、CCA(典范对应分析)等方法,分析浮游植物群落的组成和空间结构特征. 结果表明:丰水期和枯水期渭河全流域分别鉴定出浮游植物165和175种;各采样点浮游植物物种密度平均值分别为1.07×106和1.85×106 L-1;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数平均值分别为2.98和2.74;Pielou均匀度指数平均值分别为0.40和0.37. 全流域共划分出浮游植物功能群23类,其中,丰水期20类,枯水期21类,均以MP功能群物种数最多;代表性功能群为MP、D、Lo和J. MRPP分析结果显示,丰水期和枯水期全流域浮游植物群落结构都具有较明显的空间差异. CCA结果显示,渭河水系丰水期浮游植物群落结构的主要驱动因子为ρ(DO)和ρ(TN),枯水期为流速、ρ(TN)和ρ(COD_Mn);泾河水系丰水期为ρ(SS)、流速和ρ(TN),枯水期为流速和ρ(TN);北洛河水系丰水期为ρ(TDS),枯水期为ρ(DO)和ρ(TP).      

基于EEMs与UV-vis分析苏州汛期景观河道中DOM光谱特性与来源

为探究汛期连续强降雨对苏州景观河道中溶解性有机物的影响,应用三维荧光光谱（EEMs）结合平行因子分析（PARAFAC）和紫外-可见吸收光谱（UV-vis）技术,分析了汛期不同时期苏州景观河道中溶解性有机物的光谱特性和来源.结果表明,整个汛期时期水体中共有4种溶解性有机物（DOM）荧光组分,包括2种类腐殖质组分（C1和C4）和2种类蛋白质组分（C2和C3）,相关性分析表明荧光组分C2、C3和C4之间存在显著相关性.汛期初期时受初期雨水影响,河道中DOM的总荧光强度较强,而在汛期中期和后期,DOM的荧光强度显著降低.荧光特征参数表明,在汛期初期时DOM的内源性特征显著,到中期时陆源性显著,到后期又以内源占主导.整个汛期SUVA₂₅₄、SUVA₂₆₀和E2/E3都呈现相同趋势,先降低而后升高.受汛期连续强降雨的影响,河道中氮磷营养盐含量增加,但在汛期较强的水动力条件下,藻类并未大量增殖,直到汛期结束后藻类开始大量增殖.荧光组分C2、C3和C4与特征参数（FI、HIX、BIX和β：α）有显著相关性（P<0.01）,所有荧光组分与DOC均有显著相关性（P<0.05）,荧光组分C1与叶绿素a （Chla）有显著相关性.主成分（PCA）分析表明汛期不同时期河道中DOM组分差异显著,汛期连续强降雨对水体中C2、C3和C4组分含量影响显著.     

Adaptive Management of Flows in the Lower Roanoke River, North Carolina, USA

The lower Roanoke River in North Carolina, USA, has been regulated by a series of dams since the 1950s. This river and its floodplain have been identified by The Nature Conservancy, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and the State of North Carolina as critical resources for the conservation of bottomland hardwoods and other riparian and in-stream biota and communities. Upstream dams are causing extended floods in the growing season for bottomland hardwood forests, threatening their survival. A coalition of stakeholders including public agencies and private organizations is cooperating with the dam managers to establish an active adaptive management program to reduce the negative impacts of flow regulation, especially extended growing season inundation, on these conservation targets. We introduce the lower Roanoke River, describe the regulatory context for negotiating towards an active adaptive management program, present our conservation objective for bottomland hardwoods, and describe investigations in which we successfully employed a series of models to develop testable management hypotheses. We propose adaptive management strategies that we believe will enable the bottomland hardwoods to regenerate and support their associated biota and that are reasonable, flexible, and economically sustainable.     

LOW FLOW SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN FORESTED HEADWATER CHANNELS OF SOUTHWEST WASHINGTON1

ABSTRACT: Patterns of dry season surface flow in forested headwater channels of southwest Washington were observed during August to September 2001 and July to October 2002. In 2001, 17 channels were sampled once, and the uppermost points of continuous flow (CF) and surface water (SW) were located. In 2002, sampling was replicated three to five times at each of 21 channels. Annual and seasonal data suggested that the location of SW varied less than CF. In most channels, SW remained at or near the channel head year around. The pattern of surface flow between CF and the channel head was used to test alternative hypotheses describing dry season recession patterns: (A) surface flow consistently retreats in a downstream direction, and (B) flow comes from fixed sources along the channel, thus surface flow retreats up‐channel towards these sources. The dominant surface flow spatial pattern in streams less than 30 percent slope was increased intermittency without a clear pattern of retreat, and thus inconsistent with either hypothesis. High gradient channels (< 30 percent slope) exhibited a combination of increased intermittency, and extensive upward retreats of surface water consistent with Hypothesis B. Differences between 2001 and 2002 suggest late summer flows in small headwater basins were controlled by spring precipitation, rather than the typically greater winter precipitation.     

不同季节中水回用于景观水体的藻类增长模拟

文章基于wASP的富营养化模型,模拟了在各季节中水回用于城市景观水体时,不同水质和换水周期条件下叶绿素a峰值和平衡浓度的变化情况.模拟结果表明:(1)在中水水质和换水周期一定时,水华风险在夏季最大,春秋季次之,冬季最小;(2)在夏季和春秋季节,叶绿素a平衡浓度随着换水周期的减小先升高后降低;并且当换水周期小于3天时,减...     

Spatial and temporal variation of nitrogen exported by runo from sandy agricultural soils

The eutrophication problem has drawn attention to nutrient leaching from agricultural soils, and an understanding of spatial and temporal variability is needed to develop decision-making tools. Thus, eleven sites were selected to monitor, over a two-year period, spatial and temporal variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff in sandy agricultural soils. Factors influencing the variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff were analyzed. Variation of annual rainfall was small among 11 sites, especially between 2001 and 2002. However, variation of annual discharge was significant among the sites. The results suggest that rainfall patterns and land use had significant effect on discharge. The concentrations of total N, total kjeldahl N （TKN）, organic matter-associated N （OM-N）, NO3- -N, and NHn＋-N in the runoff ranged widely from 0.25 to 54.1, 0.15 to 20.3, 0.00 to 14.6, 0.00 to 45.3, and 0.00 to 19.7 mg/L, respectively. Spatial and temporal variations in the N concentration and runoff discharge were noted among the different sites. Annual loads of N in the runoff varied widely among monitoring sites and depend mainly on runoff discharge. High loads of total N, OM-N, NO3--N, and NHn＋-N in the runoff either in citrus groves or on vegetable farms occurred from June to October for each year, which coincided with the rainy season in the region. This study found that N in surface runoff was related to rainfall intensity, soil N level, and fertilizer use.     

冰封期前后河流底泥中溶解性有机物组分的荧光特性的变化

以沈阳市新开河为研究对象,考察了冰封期前、后河流底泥中溶解性有机物(DOM)组分荧光特性的变化.按照DOM在XAD树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).结果表明:HPO-A是河流底泥中的主要DOM组分,在冰封期前、后分别占溶解性有机碳(DOC)的41.2%~69.5%和38.9%~63.9%.冰封期前河流底泥中的DOM及HPO-A、HPI的DOC值均高于冰封期后.三维荧光光谱结果显示,冰封期前、后河流底泥DOM组分中含有类腐殖酸荧光物质,类富里酸荧光物质,类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质和类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光物质,并且类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质在各DOM组分中的含量最高.冰封期后HPO-A、HPI中荧光物质的含量低于冰封期前.同步荧光光谱结果显示,在冰封期河流底泥DOM组分中激发波长分别为285~295 nm和330~350 nm的荧光物质向水体释放,导致其在底泥DOM组分中相对含量的显著降低.     

长期施氮和水热条件对夏闲期土壤呼吸的影响

在黄土高原地区,夏季休闲期既是高温多雨期也是土壤微生物强烈活动期.研究该时期土壤呼吸变化与土壤水分、温度和施氮之间关系,有助于深入理解农田生态系统土壤呼吸的时空变异性及其影响因素.本研究以1984年设立在黄土旱塬区长期田间定位试验为平台,选取了5个不同施氮处理（N0、N45、N90、N135和N180）,于2009年夏...     

鄱阳湖多尺度流域磷源输送特征及其生态效应

本文选取鄱阳湖梯级流域内从初级支流到湖区(香溪→架竹河→赣江→鄱阳湖)连通水系线路为研究对象,通过对鄱阳湖流域磷(P)湿沉降及径流过程进行监测,探讨鄱阳湖多尺度流域磷源输送特征及其对浮游植物群落结构的影响.结果表明:①鄱阳湖流域的P浓度呈明显的季节变化,除香溪流域外,其余流域的总磷(TP)、可溶性总磷(DTP)和磷酸根(PO_4~(3-))浓度均为枯水期较高,丰水期较低;丰水期时,TP浓度与硅藻密度存在极显著的相关关系,枯水期时,TP浓度与隐藻有极显著的相关关系.②次降雨过程研究表明:不同降雨强度下TP和PO_4~(3-)的浓度及地表径流通量的大小顺序均为:小雨中雨大雨.③丰水年和枯水年的沉降通量存在显著差异,丰水年约为枯水年的2.8倍,P的输出通量呈明显的季节性变化,丰水期大于枯水期;随流域逐级增大,但P输出贡献率未显著增加,说明逐级支流P输送并不是各级流域P的主要来源.