北京北部水系沉积物中重金属的研究

主要研究了北京市北部水系沉积物中重金属(As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn)含量和来源.在潮白河及密云水库流域采集了17个沉积物样品,温榆河流域采集了5个样品,重金属含量As和Hg采用原子荧光光谱法测定,Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn含量用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定.研究结果表明,沉积物中重金属元素没有出现明显的富集状况,只有Hg、Cd、Cr和Zn在一些采样点有较高的富集.相关性分析表明Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu互相之间呈显著正相关(r0.06;p0.01),而Hg与Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb和Ti没有明显的相关性.通过主成分分析研究重金属的来源,发现前3个主成分贡献率分别为38%、23%和17%.因此,Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu作为第一主成分被认为与人类活动的工矿业开采有关,第二主成分As和Mn与人类活动的农业生产和生活污水排放有关,第三主成分Cr、Ni和Ti与岩石风化和土壤侵蚀有关.     

Influence of Indian mustard （Brassicajuncea） on rhizosphere soil solution chemistry in long-term contaminated soils： A rhizobox study

This study investigated the influence of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) root exudation on soil solution properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), metal solubility) in the rhizosphere using a rhizobox. Measurement was conducted following the cultivation of Indian mustard in the rhizobox filled four di erent types of heavy metal contaminated soils (two alkaline soils and two acidic soils). The growth of Indian mustard resulted in a significant increase (by 0.6 pH units) in rhizosphere soil solution pH of acidic soils and only a slight increase (< 0.1 pH units) in alkaline soils. Furthermore, the DOC concentration increased by 17–156 mg/L in the rhizosphere regardless of soil type and the extent of contamination, demonstrating the exudation of DOC from root. Ion chromatographic determination showed a marked increase in the total dissolved organic acids (OAs) in rhizosphere. While root exudates were observed in all soils, the amount of DOC and OAs in soil solution varied considerably amongst di erent soils, resulting in significant changes to soil solution metals in the rhizosphere. For example, the soil solution Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations increased in the rhizosphere of alkaline soils compared to bulk soil following plant cultivation. In contrast, the soluble concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in acidic soils decreased in rhizosphere soil when compared to bulk soils. Besides the influence of pH and DOC on metal solubility, the increase of heavy metal concentration having high stability constant such as Cu and Pb resulted in a release of Cd and Zn from solid phase to liquid phase.     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

Heavy metal （Pb,Zn） uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four wetland plants with different radial oxygen loss

Lead and Zn uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants; Aneilema bracteatum, Cyperus alternifolius, Ludwigia hyssopifolia and Veronica serpyllifolia were investigated by two experiments: (1) rhizobag filled with “clean” or metal-contaminated soil for analysis of Pb and Zn in plants and rhizosphere soils; and (2) applied deoxygenated solution for analyzing their rates of radial oxygen loss (ROL). The results showed that the wetland plants with di erent ROL rates had significant e ects on the mobility and chemical forms of Pb and Zn in rhizosphere under flooded conditions. These e ects were varied with di erent metal elements and metal concentrations in the soils. Lead mobility in rhizosphere of the four plants both in the “clean” and contaminated soils was decreased, while Zn mobility was increased in the rhizosphere of the “clean” soil, but decreased in the contaminated soil. Among the four plants, V. serpyllifolia, with the highest ROL, formed the highest degree of Fe plaque on the root surface, immobilized more Zn in Fe plaque, and has the highest e ects on the changes of Zn form (EXC-Zn) in rhizosphere under both “clean” and contaminated soil conditions. These results suggested that ROL of wetland plants could play an important role in Fe plaque formation and mobility and chemical changes of metals in rhizosphere soil under flood conditions.     

Fractionation of heavy metals in shallow marine sediments from Jinzhou Bay, China

This work investigated the distribution and speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn in the shallow sediments of Jinzhou Bay, Northeast China, which has been heavily contaminated by nonferrous smelting activities. The concentrations of Cd, Cu and Pb in sediments were found to be 100, 13 and 7 times, respectively, being higher than the national guideline (GB 18668-2002). Sequential extraction test showed that 39%-61% of Cd were exchangeable fractions, indicating that Cd in the sediments posed a high risk to local...     

上海宝山区农用土壤重金属分布与来源分析

以上海宝山区为典型区域,在获取216个农用表层土壤样品重金属实测数据的基础上,运用多元统计和地统计相结合的方法,对上海宝山区农用土壤重金属的含量水平、分布特征和来源进行系统分析.结果表明,上海市宝山区农用土壤重金属Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn的平均含量值分别为0.195、0.148、7.44、82.5、29.1、33.2、124.5 mg.kg-1,均没有超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准,但Cd、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Hg元素平均含量值超过上海市土壤背景值,其中Cd、Hg、Zn最为显著,分别是对应背景值的1.50、1.48、1.45倍,呈现出明显的累积趋势.相关分析和因子分析结果显示,各元素的来源可分为三类,Zn、Cd、Hg和Pb为一类,Cr和Cu为一类,As单独为一类;前两类元素含量远高于对应元素背景值,来源主要受各种人为活动影响,As元素含量与背景值相当,各样品含量的变异程度最低,来源主要与成土母质有关.空间结构分析表明,As元素以土壤母质、地形等结构性变异为主,其它元素主要受人为活动等随机因子影响;通过对临界值概率等值线的分布分析发现,Cd、Zn、Cr、Cu、Hg来源以点源为主,来源较为集中,Pb来源相对较为分散.     

5种天然矿物修复铅污染沉积物的实验研究

以重金属离子Pb2+为研究对象,通过吸附解吸实验,研究了沸石、方解石、钾长石、钙基和钠基膨润土等5种天然矿物材料对水体中Pb2+的吸附固定效果,它们的吸附等温线都符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。结果表明试验所用方解石对Pb2+的饱和吸附量约为185mg/g,是其他几种材料的2～3倍,而且方解石对Pb2+具有明显的不可逆吸附现象,使得吸附后的Pb很难解析下来,说明方解石对水溶液中Pb2+的固定能力非常强。利用模拟自然水体性质的电解液对方解石吸附后Pb的生物有效性进行评价,结果表明被方解石固定后Pb的生物有效性非常低。最后结合方解石作为原位活性覆盖材料的经济可行性和生态风险性分析,说明方解石作为重金属污染沉积物修复的原位活性覆盖材料具有较强的实际可操作性,为后继的重金属污染沉积物的原位活性覆盖技术提供理论支持。     

广州市污水污泥中的重金属及其农用探讨

分析了广州市6种污水污泥中重金属(Zn,Cu,Pb,Cr,Mn和Ni)质量分数及其存在形态,并对污泥农业利用过程中施用的最大量进行了估算.结果表明:广州不同来源污水污泥中.(Cu),w(Zn),w(Mn)和,(Ni)较高,变幅较大,而w( Ph )和w( Cr)低.除一种污泥中w(Cu)超标外,其他重金属基本符合国家农用控制标准(G1318918-2002),但所有污泥中重金属质量分数都超过广州市农田土壤平均值.不同重金属以及同一重金属在不同污泥中的形态分布也不同,其中Zn,Mn和Ni的潜在迁移性强,Cu和Cr中的还原态占有很大的比例,污泥中Pb主要以还原态和残渣态存在.根据广州市主要旱地赤红色土壤静态环境容量和动态环境容量计算表明,污泥农用过程中Cu和Zn是主要监控污染元素,不同来源污泥的最大施用量有明显差异.为保证土壤环境的安全,建议将Cu和Zn作为控制城市污水污泥农用过程中最高施用量的计算参考指标.     

新型高效改性材料在重金属废水处理中的应用

使用原始吸附材料,如微生物、有机或无机材料等吸附废水中的重金属时,通常呈现较低的吸附性能,其吸附量通常都低于30mg/g。因此,研究者更多地关注提高各种吸附材料的吸附能力。国内外一些研究者采用新型、高效的物理或化学改性技术对吸附材料进行表面改造,如将高聚物接枝融合到菌体表面、表面分子印迹吸附剂、固定化微生物、酸改性处理有机或无机材料等,与常规材料相比,改性后材料对重金属的最大吸附容量一般可提高到100mg/g以上。随着各种改性技术的不断成熟,利用改性材料吸附重金属废水将成为今后研究重金属废水处理的主流方向。     

湘江重金属污染现状、污染原因分析与对策探讨

湘江是长江的重要支流,湘江流域内聚集了湖南约60%的人口,创造了全省近3/4的GDP。近年来随着工农业的快速发展、城市圈的扩大、沿江两岸矿产资源的开发,湘江重金属污染日趋严重。湘江综合治理不仅关系到湖南经济的发展、社会的和谐,还关系到长江流域的可持续发展。本文在对湘江水资源作基本介绍的基础上,着重调查了重金属污染现状与己形成的影响,对重金属污染来源与原因进行了分析,提出了湘江重金属污染防治的对策与建议。