春季黄渤海大气气溶胶的离子特征与来源分析

于2010年春季在黄海、渤海海域采集大气气溶胶总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）样品,并运用离子色谱法对其中主要的水溶性阴离子（Cl-、NO3-、SO24-、CH3SO3-（MSA））和阳离子（Na＋、K＋、NH4＋、Mg2＋、Ca2＋）浓度进行了测定.分析结果显示,黄海、渤海气溶胶样品中主要水溶性离子总浓度分别为10.2～47....     

粗粒子气溶胶远距离输送造成华南严重空气污染的分析

2009年4月末,发生了一次罕见的粗粒子气溶胶远距离输送造成华南地区出现严重的空气污染事件,其特征主要是气溶胶质量浓度超标,而能见度没有明显恶化,对这次空气污染事件进行分析的结果表明.在过程中,粗细粒子质量比(PM2.5/PM10)有明显的3次下降,最低达到0.3,即PM2.5仅占PM10的30%,这与珠江三角洲地区通常以细粒子为主的污染特征有很大不同,反映了外来粗粒子的侵入特征.长江流域浮尘天气的沙尘粒子变性后,长距离输送污染物叠加本地污染物,造成这次严重空气污染事件.     

青岛大气气溶胶中氨基化合物的分布特征

氨基化合物是大气气溶胶和雨水中常被检出的一类有机氮化合物,由于其可作为生物生长直接的氮源,因此可能对海洋生态系统产生直接作用.利用2008年1～12月在青岛采集的66个总悬浮颗粒物样品,采用邻苯二甲醛/N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸柱前衍生高效液相色谱法,分析了其中溶解态(DAC)和颗粒态氨基化合物(PAC)的浓度.气溶胶中DAC浓度为2.4～40.9nmol·m-3,在春季最高,夏季次之,秋季、冬季最低.PAC浓度为0.7～76.1nmol·m-3,呈现春季冬季秋季夏季的变化趋势.不同季节氨基化合物的组成不同.依据气团的后向轨迹,气溶胶样品可分为受北方陆源、南方陆源和海洋源影响,DAC和PAC在受南方陆源影响的气溶胶中浓度最高,北方陆源次之,海洋源气溶胶中最低.不同来源的气溶胶中氨基化合物的组成不同,蛋白质类氨基化合物对总氨基化合物的贡献在海洋源气溶胶中最高,在南方源气溶胶中最低.     

青岛近海冬季大气生物气溶胶中微生物活性研究

为了研究生物气溶胶中微生物活性水平和活性粒径分布特征,于2015年11月~2016年1月在青岛近海运用分级生物气溶胶采样器连续采集了生物气溶胶样品,并用荧光素二乙酸酯(fluorescein diacetate,FDA)水解法进行了活性测定.结果表明,采样期间青岛地区气溶胶中微生物活性水平(以荧光素钠计)范围为21.89~108.59 ng·m~(-3),平均值为59.43 ng·m~(-3).微生物活性的粒径分布呈现活性随粒径增大而增大,粗粒径(2.1μm)高于细粒径(2.1μm)的特征,在7.0μm粗粒子上所占比例最高,平均为24.06%.冬季微生物活性在一天当中变化较大,并未呈现出明显的昼间变化规律.相关性分析显示采样期间微生物活性与风速之间存在显著正相关关系(r=0.445,n=33,**P0.01),与温度、湿度和紫外线强度等气象因素以及AQI、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO、NO_2、O_3、SO_2等因子无显著相关性.气团来源对微生物活性具有明显影响.晴天微生物活性平均水平为100.33 ng·m~(-3),霾天微生物活性降低,平均水平降为56.53 ng·m~(-3),随着雾-霾天持续出现,活性迅速降低至晴天水平的37.7%,可见持续雾-霾天对微生物活性的影响更大.     

亚微米气溶胶高效过滤装置的设计

针对亚微米气溶胶颗粒进入大气中危害环境及人类的健康的问题,设计了一种移动式亚微米气溶胶高效过滤装置,采用最易穿透粒径法(MPPS)测试了装置的过滤效率,结果表明:该装置具有较高的过滤效率,在0.1~0.25μm粒径范围内,装置的过滤效率在99.999%以上,该设备可用于亚微米气溶胶颗粒的过滤净化。     

Reduction and characterization of bioaerosols in a wastewater treatment station via ventilation

Bioaerosols from wastewater treatment processes are a significant subgroup of atmospheric aerosols. In the present study,airborne microorganisms generated from a wastewater treatment station(WWTS) that uses an oxidation ditch process were diminished by ventilation.Conventional sampling and detection methods combined with cloning/sequencing techniques were applied to determine the groups,concentrations,size distributions,and species diversity of airborne microorganisms before and after ventilation. There were 3021 ± 537 CFU/m3 of airborne bacteria and 926 ± 132 CFU/m3 of airborne fungi present in the WWTS bioaerosol.Results showed that the ventilation reduced airborne microorganisms significantly compared to the air in the WWTS. Over 60% of airborne bacteria and airborne fungi could be reduced after4 hr of air exchange. The highest removal(92.1% for airborne bacteria and 89.1% for fungi) was achieved for 0.65–1.1 μm sized particles. The bioaerosol particles over 4.7 μm were also reduced effectively. Large particles tended to be lost by gravitational settling and small particles were generally carried away,which led to the relatively easy reduction of bioaerosol particles0.65–1.1 μm and over 4.7 μm in size. An obvious variation occurred in the structure of the bacterial communities when ventilation was applied to control the airborne microorganisms in enclosed spaces.     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

武汉市大气PM_(2.5)中有机酸的季节变化及其来源解析

经过预处理的样品用BSTFA/TMCS衍生化试剂衍生后,采用GC-MS技术对武汉市一年四季3个不同类型采样点中大气气溶胶中有机酸进行定量分析。共测定武汉市大气PM2.5中22种饱和脂肪酸(C11~C32)、油酸(C18∶1)、亚油酸(C18∶2)和8种二元羧酸(di-C2~di-C9)。3个采样点四季脂肪酸均呈现出明显的碳偶数优势,其中最丰富的物种均为棕榈酸(年均值ID:85.86 ng/m3,DT:56.43 ng/m3,BG:52.39 ng/m3)和硬脂酸(年均值ID:57.05 ng/m3,DT:32.68 ng/m3,BG:37.37 ng/m3)。同时通过C18∶1与C18∶0的比值用来判断武汉市不同季节、不同类型污染源气溶胶的老化程度。二元羧酸中最丰富的物种为草酸(年均值ID:254.62 ng/m3,DT:367.38 ng/m3,BG:235.19 ng/m3),其次为丁二酸(年均值ID:214.70 ng/m3,DT:312.44 ng/m3,BG:168.46 ng/m3)、丙二酸(年均值ID:103.45 ng/m3,DT:70.56 ng/m3,BG:44.48 ng/m3),二元羧酸总浓度呈现出明显的季节变化,表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。通过di-C2与di-C3之比之来判断二次源对不同类型采样点气溶胶的贡献程度。主成分分析法结果显示化石燃料燃烧、机动车排放及光化学氧化、生物质燃烧、肉类烹饪是武汉市大气气溶胶中有机酸的主要来源。     

青岛近海生物气溶胶中可培养微生物浓度及群落多样性的季节变化

为了研究近海生物气溶胶中可培养微生物浓度和群落多样性,于2009年7月~2010年6月在青岛两个采样点连续采集生物气溶胶样品,分析了其中陆源细菌、海源细菌、陆源真菌和海源真菌的浓度,并计算了Shannon-Weiner指数、Simpson’s指数和Pielou指数.结果表明,陆源细菌和海源细菌月均浓度分别为12~436 CFU·m-3和25~561 CFU·m-3,陆源真菌和海源真菌月均浓度分别为0~817 CFU·m-3和11~1 346 CFU·m-3之间.陆源细菌、海源细菌、陆源真菌和海源真菌浓度在冬季月份较低,2月达到最低值,在春夏月份较高.海源微生物对总可培养类微生物的贡献高于陆源,平均占63%.可培养微生物物种数在17~102之间,与微生物浓度具有一定的相关性,但并未呈现出明显的季节变化.3种指数表明,生物气溶胶中陆源细菌、海源细菌、陆源真菌和海源真菌的群落结构在2月最简单,1月、11月和5月群落多样性较高,群落多样性与浓度的季节变化特征并不一致,而且不同类别的微生物群落存在季节和空间差异.     

春节期间南京市大气气溶胶粒径分布特征

为研究春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对城市大气气溶胶数浓度粒径谱分布的影响,对2012年1月19~31日南京大气气溶胶数浓度、污染气体浓度和质量浓度进行了观测分析.结果表明,烟花爆竹的燃放期间10~20 nm气溶胶浓度远低于非燃放期,50~100、100~200和200~500 nm数浓度有较大增加,20~50 nm和0.5~10μm气溶胶数浓度变化不大.烟花爆竹的燃放对气溶胶数浓度谱影响较大,非燃放期数浓度谱为双峰型分布;在燃放期数浓度谱为单峰性分布,且峰值向大粒径段偏移.烟花爆竹燃放期间质量浓度谱为双峰型分布,对细粒子的质量浓度影响较大,燃放期间PM2.5/PM10和PM1.0/PM10的值可升高10%.烟花爆竹的大量燃放对1.0~2.1μm粒径段气溶胶密度影响最大,对其他粒径段密度影响较小.