20年来密云水库主要入库河流总氮变化趋势和影响因素

密云水库是北京市最主要的饮用水源地,但近年来,密云水库遭遇了氮类污染物浓度逐渐增加的问题.因此,本文分析了密云水库主要入库河流潮河和白河在1990—2010年的总氮变化趋势和影响因素.结果表明,1990—2010年期间,潮河、白河的总氮浓度呈明显增加的趋势,且TN浓度随流量的增加呈减小趋势,经流量校正后,潮河在非汛期和白河的TN浓度显著增加,2000年后汛期潮河的TN浓度减小;总氮主要以硝态氮存在,与总硬度的相关系数最大;20年来,区域人类活动逐渐增强,水利水保措施并未改变总氮浓度增加的趋势.农业非点源污染物和畜禽养殖污染物的增加是入库河流总氮增加的主要原因,径流量减少又放大了这一效应,污染物主要通过淋溶作用补给到地下水,再补给到河流水体中.研究表明,要有效控制河流的总氮浓度,应把重点放在减小地下水的过度利用和控制区域内的非点源污染上.     

Simultaneous removal of selected oxidized contaminants in groundwater using a continuously stirred hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor

A laboratory trial was conducted for evaluating the capability of a continuously stirred hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor to simultaneously reduce nitrate (NO3--N), sulfate (SO42-), bromate (BrO3-), hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and para- chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB). The reactor contained two bundles of hollow fiber membranes functioning as an autotrophic biofilm carrier and hydrogen pipe as well. On the condition that hydrogen was supplied as electron donor and diffused into water through membrane pores, autohydrogenotrophic bacteria were capable of reducing contaminants to forms with lower toxicity. Reduction occurred within 1 day and removal fluxes for NO3--N, SO4-2 , BrO3-, Cr(VI), and p-CNB reached 0.641, 2.396, 0.008, 0.016 and 0.031 g/(day·m-2 ), respectively after 112 days of continuous operation. Except for the fact that sulfate was 37% removed under high surface loading, the other four contaminants were reduced by over 95%. The removal flux comparison between phases varying in surface loading and H2 pressure showed that decreasing surface loading or increasing H2 pressure would promote removal flux. Competition for electrons occurred among the five contaminants. Electron-equivalent flux analysis showed that the amount of utilized hydrogen was mainly controlled by NO3 -N and SO4-2 reduction, which accounted for over 99% of the electron flux altogether. It also indicated the electron acceptor order, showing that nitrate was the most prior electron acceptor while sulfate was the second of the five contaminants.     

基于电子鼻土壤与地下水污染修复现场TVOC和恶臭的评估

根据上海某土壤与地下水污染修复现场情况,应用自主研发的电子鼻系统(iSA-M1)分别对未修复及修复过程中的土壤和地下水、修复场地上空及周边空气中的VOCs和恶臭类气体进行检测.结合前期研究所得TPI和OPI公式,求得各点的值,并将其用图表示.结果表明:①修复后TVOC和恶臭的浓度总体呈下降趋势;②在土壤和地下水修复过程中,VOCs和恶臭的挥发受气象要素和作业的影响,其浓度在总体下降的过程中伴随着阶段性上升现象;③结合GIS技术,电子鼻能初步用于评估土壤和地下水修复现场造成的空间污染情况及对周围居民产生的影响.但造成影响程度的具体细化分级还需要进一步研究.     

Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水修复的PRB填料实验研究

Fe0与Cr(Ⅵ)发生表层反应使Fe0-渗透反应墙(PRB)利用率极低且易板结、堵塞.针对Fe0利用率低,易板结、堵塞问题,研究了不同高分子材料包裹铁粉对受污染地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除影响;实验结果表明,海藻酸钠(SA)作为包裹材料效果最好.FEI电镜扫描及EDX能谱分析结果表明,SA跟2价金属阳离子Ca2+交联形成孔隙结构,不仅为零价铁的附着提供了大量的吸附点位,还可使Cr(Ⅵ)进入到内部与铁粉反应.考察了SA包裹零价铸铁粉(SAC)和包裹还原铁粉(SAR)对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除影响;实验结果表明,SAC除铬性能是SAR的2倍.SAC填料工艺参数优化后,符合一级反应动力学;采用SAC填料进行动态实验,反应完全后铬/铁比高达32.25 mg.g-1,且填料仍然保持较高的渗透系数(2.38 cm.s-1);对SAC填料进行成本分析发现,SAC填料具有明显的价格优势,相比零价铸铁粉混砂填料节约成本76.56%.采用SAC填料治理Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水是可行的.     

危险废物填埋场地下水污染风险评价的研究现状

介绍了地下水风险评价的基本概念,综述了国内外危险废物填埋场地下水污染风险评价指标体系和评价方法的研究现状,分析了目前国内危险废物填埋场地下水污染风险评价存在的主要问题,并提出相关建议。     

利用氮、氧稳定同位素识别地下水硝酸盐污染源研究进展

氮污染特别是地下水硝酸盐污染已成为一个相当普遍而重要的环境问题。地下水硝酸盐污染与人类健康和环境安全密切相关。为控制地下水硝酸盐污染,最根本的解决办法就是找到硝酸盐的来源,减少硝态氮向地下水的输送。由于不同来源的硝酸盐具有不同的氮、氧同位素组成,人们利用NO3-中δ15N和δ18O开展了硝酸盐污染源识别研究。本文综述了利用氮、氧同位素识别地下水硝酸盐污染源及定量硝酸盐污染源输入的研究进展及目前存在的问题,并提出几个值得重视的研究方向。     

Wind‐Powered Desalination: An Estimate of Saline Groundwater in the United States1

James Androwski, Abraham Springer, Thomas Acker, and Mark Manone, 2011. Wind‐Powered Desalination: An Estimate of Saline Groundwater in the United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):93‐102. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00493.x Abstract: Increasing scarcity of freshwater resources in many regions of the world is leading water resource managers to consider desalination as a potential alternative to traditional freshwater supplies. Desalination technologies are energy intensive and expensive to implement making desalination using renewable energy resources a potentially attractive option. Unfortunately, saline groundwater resources are not well characterized for many regions hindering consideration of such technologies. In this assessment, we estimate the saline groundwater resources of the principal aquifers of the United States using a geographic information system and correlate these resources to wind resources potentially sufficient to supply the energy demand of desalination equipment. We estimate that 3.1 × 10¹⁴ m³ saline groundwater, total volume, are contained in 28 of the country’s principal aquifers known to contain saline groundwater. Of this volume, 1.4 × 10¹⁴ m³ saline groundwater are co‐located with wind resources sufficient for electrical generation to desalinate groundwater.     

The Role of Headwater Wetlands in Altering Streamflow and Chemistry in a Maine,USA Catchment1

Morley, Terry R., Andrew S. Reeve, and Aram J.K. Calhoun, 2011. The Role of Headwater Wetlands in Altering Streamflow and Chemistry in a Maine, USA Catchment. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00519.x Abstract: Headwater wetlands, including hillside seeps, may contribute to downstream systems disproportionately to their relatively small size. We quantified the hydrology and chemistry of headwater wetlands in a central Maine, USA, catchment from 2003 to 2005 to determine their role in maintaining headwater streamflow and in affecting stream chemistry. A few of these headwater wetlands, commonly referred to as “seeps,” were characterized by relatively high groundwater discharge. During summer base flow, seeps were the primary source of surface water to the stream, contributing between 40 and 80% of stream water. Comparisons of groundwater and surface water dominant ion chemistry revealed only slight differences at the bedrock interface; however, significant changes occurred at the shallow groundwater‐surface water interface where we found decreases in total and individual cation concentrations with decreasing depth. Seep outflows significantly increased total cation and calcium concentrations in streams. Outflows at two seeps produced relatively high nitrate concentrations (88 ± 15 and 93 ± 15 μg/l respectively), yet did not correspond to higher nitrate in stream water below seep outflows (2 ± 1 μg/l). We demonstrate that small wetlands (< 1,335 m²) can contribute to headwater stream processes by linking groundwater and surface‐water systems, increasing the duration and magnitude of stream discharge, and by affecting stream chemistry, particularly during periods of base flow.     

Comparison of Aquifer Sustainability Under Groundwater Administrations in Oklahoma and Texas1

Mittelstet, Aaron R., Michael D. Smolen, Garey A. Fox, and Damian C. Adams, 2011. Comparison of Aquifer Sustainability Under Groundwater Administrations in Oklahoma and Texas. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00524.x Abstract: We compared two approaches to administration of groundwater law on a hydrologic model of the North Canadian River, an alluvial aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma. Oklahoma limits pumping rates to retain 50% aquifer saturated thickness after 20 years of groundwater use. The Texas Panhandle Groundwater Conservation District’s (GCD) rules limit pumping to a rate that consumes no more than 50% of saturated thickness in 50 years, with reevaluation and readjustment of permits every 5 years. Using a hydrologic model (MODFLOW), we simulated river‐groundwater interaction and aquifer dynamics under increasing levels of “development” (i.e., increasing groundwater withdrawals). Oklahoma’s approach initially would limit groundwater extraction more than the GCD approach, but the GCD approach would be more protective in the long run. Under Oklahoma rules more than half of aquifer storage would be depleted when development reaches 65%. Reevaluation of permits under the Texas Panhandle GCD approach would severely limit pumping as the 50% level is approached. Both Oklahoma and Texas Panhandle GCD approaches would deplete alluvial base flow at approximately 10% development. Results suggest periodic review of permits could protect aquifer storage and river base flow. Modeling total aquifer storage is more sensitive to recharge rate and aquifer hydraulic conductivity than to specific yield, while river leakage is most sensitive to aquifer hydraulic conductivity followed by specific yield.