不同光强下镉胁迫对紫茉莉光合作用和抗氧化系统的影响

通过土培实验,比较分析了3种光强(全光照(HL)、50%全光照(ML)和10%全光照(LL))下镉胁迫(30 mg·kg-1)对紫茉莉植株生长、光合作用、光合色素、镉、镁、铁和钾含量、脂质过氧化、抗氧化酶活性、抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量的影响.结果发现,镉胁迫显著降低紫茉莉叶片的净光合速率,对HL植株的抑制程度高于ML和LL植株;HL和LL植株最大光化学效率在镉胁迫下显著降低,而ML植株所受影响不明显;镉胁迫显著提高了紫茉莉叶片的暗呼吸速率,ML植株提高幅度最大.镉胁迫对紫茉莉植株生长的抑制作用显著,对HL植株的抑制最大.镉胁迫显著增加了紫茉莉叶片的镉含量,减小叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、Mg、Fe和K的含量,对HL植株影响最大.镉胁迫下,HL植株超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性增强,过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性降低,谷胱甘肽和抗坏血酸含量减小,过氧化氢和丙二醛含量、超氧阴离子产生速率增高,电解质渗漏加重.上述结果表明,镉加重了叶片氧化胁迫程度和强化了对紫茉莉生长的抑制,特别在高光强条件下.     

Joint effects of cadmium and lead on seedlings of four Chinese cabbage cultivars in northeastern China

In northeastern China, large area of vegetable land has been simultaneously polluted by cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Joint e ects of Cd and Pb on Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis L.) were investigated using the seed germination and sand culture method. Four Chinese cabbage cultivars including Kangbingjinchun (KB), Dongyangchunxia (DY), Qinglvwang (QL) and Qiangshi (QS) from Shenyang in northeastern China were adopted in this study. The results showed that there were positive linear relationships between the inhibitory rate of biomass, root and shoot elongation and the concentrations of Cd and Pb. In particular, root elongation was more sensitive to joint stress of Cd and Pb. The activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein (SP) and proline (PRO) changed significantly with increasing exposure concentration of Cd and Pb. The decrement in the activity of antioxidative enzymes, the content of SP and accumulation of MDA were relatively low in KB and QS. PRO played an important role in resisting Cd and Pb stress.     

土壤镉污染毒性效应的多指标综合评价

以草甸棕壤为供试土壤,以蚕豆幼苗根尖有丝分裂指数、染色体畸变率以及微核率,幼苗叶片内抗氧化酶活性、植物内源激素含量为指标,采用盆栽方法研究了0～10 mg·kg^-1镉胁迫对植物细胞的遗传和生态毒性效应.结果表明,在此浓度范围内,蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数、染色体畸变率以及微核率均随镉浓度增加呈显著的剂量-效应正相关关系,其中微核率变化最为明显,处理组微核率分别为对照组的1.43～3.22倍;蚕豆幼苗叶片内的SOD和POD活性变化呈先升高后下降的趋势;而CAT活性随镉浓度增加其变化规律与SOD、POD相反.此外,镉胁迫下植物激素脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA₃)与细胞分裂素类的玉米素和玉米素核苷总含量(Z&ZR)均表现出低浓度下诱导和较高浓度下诱导率降低的趋势,在镉浓度为2.5 mg·kg^-1时３种植物激素含量均达到最高值,分别比对照组增加了6.6%、 4.0%和12.6%.研究表明,各指标对污染物的毒性具有响应且响应的域值及其敏感度不同,将各指标综合使用可使土壤镉污染的遗传和生态毒性诊断更为有效.     

壳聚糖交联沸石小球对Cu2+、Ni2+及Cd2+的吸附特性

以壳聚糖和人造沸石为原料,采用滴加成球法制备了一种新型重金属吸附剂——壳聚糖交联沸石小球,通过吸附实验考察了pH值、时间及重金属离子浓度对吸附Cu2+、Ni2+、Cd2+的影响.结果表明,制得的壳聚糖交联沸石小球的平均粒径为3.2 mm,密度为1.08 g·cm-3,含水率为80％.在pH=5、温度25℃条件下,壳聚糖...     

强抗镉蜡状芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其抗性机理

从北京市远郊东三岔地区废弃的铅锌尾矿中筛选到1株强抗镉的细菌.通过细菌形态学观察、扫描电镜、X射线衍射能谱分析、甲基乙酰甲醇试验与酪氨酸水解试验等特征生理生化试验、菌株“G＋C mol%”值以及16S rDNA扩增与序列测定,鉴定此菌株为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）.分离菌株可以在镉浓度为1?000 mg/L的固体培养基平板上生长,表明菌株具有强抗镉的能力.进一步分析了菌株在添加Cd²⁺与未添加Cd²⁺的液体培养基中的生长曲线,并通过质粒消除试验证明该菌株的抗镉性质与抗性质粒的存在有关.     

镉超富集植物球果菜对镉-砷复合污染的反应及其吸收积累特征

采用室外盆栽模拟方法,比较和分析了镉（Cd）-砷（As）复合污染处理对球果菜（Rorippa globosa,十字花科焊菜属,1种从农田杂草中新发现的镉超富集植物）的生长及其对Cd、As吸收和积累特征的影响.结果表明,在低浓度Cd-As复合污染条件下,由于Cd、As的拮抗作用,从而促进植物的生长发育,同时也促进地上部对Cd的吸收和积累.在Cd-As复合污染处理浓度为10 mg/kg和50 mg/kg时,株高和地上部干重达到最大（分别为35.9 cm和2.2 g/盆）,叶片中Cd积累量高于同浓度单一Cd处理.Cd-As复合污染高浓度处理表现出对球果菜生长以及Cd的吸收和积累有协同的抑制作用.同时,球果菜根部对As的吸收能力大于其地上部,相应的富集系数≤0.3,转移系数≤0.6,说明球果菜对As有一定的排斥作用.这些结果表明,球果菜有很强的忍耐Cd-As复合污染的能力,对修复Cd-As复合污染土壤具有一定的潜力.     

改良剂对黄泥土镉锌复合污染修复效应与机理研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了镉锌复合污染黄泥土中施用石灰、有机肥、海泡石对小油菜生物产量、镉锌吸收量、土壤中镉锌形态转化、pH等的影响.结果表明,施用改良剂,小油菜(Brassica chinensis Linn)连种3季的生物产量都显著提高,对镉锌的吸收量降低,其中以石灰和有机肥配施的效果最好,增产170%以上;改良剂单施降低小油菜对镉锌的吸收以石灰的效果较好,海泡石的最差.这主要是因为施用改良剂后镉锌的交换态减少,而对作物有效性低的碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态和残渣态增加,同时,pH也有不同程度的升高.小油菜对镉的吸收系数大于锌的吸收系数,说明镉在土壤中的移动性比锌大,施用石灰降低吸收系数的效果最好.石灰与有机肥配施能够显著提高镉锌复合污染黄泥土的修复效率,与对照相比,修复镉污染的效率提高13.5倍;修复锌污染的效率提高2.4倍.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Application of multiwalled carbon nanotubes treated by potassium permanganate for determination of trace cadmium prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry

In this study we investigated the enrichment ability of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and established a new method for the determination of trace cadmium in environment with flame atomic absorption spectrometry.The MWCNTs were oxidized by potassium permanganate under appropriate conditions before use as preconcentration packing.Parameters influencing the recoveries of target analytes were optimized.Under optimal conditions,the target analyte exhibited a good linearity (R~2=0.9992) over the concentration range 0.5-50 ng/ml.The detection limit and precision of the proposed method were 0.15 ng/ml and 2.06%, respectively.The proposed method was applied to the determination of cadmium in real-world environmental samples and the recoveries were in the range of 91.3%-108.0%.All these experimental results indicated that this new procedure could be applied to the determination of trace cadmium in environmental waters.     

碱性废弃物及添加锌肥对污染土壤镉生物有效性的影响及机制

采用盆栽方法,以石灰作对比研究了2种碱性废弃物(纸厂滤泥和赤泥)及添加锌肥对酸性镉污染稻田土壤的修复效应及其相关机制,同时利用大田试验进行了验证.结果表明,盆栽条件下施用石灰、纸厂滤泥和赤泥(2 g·kg^-1)后土壤 pH显著提高,在淹水平衡7 d和水稻移栽后30 d时土壤交换性钙含量显著高于不施的对照,增幅分别为33.1%～76.0%和31.0%～78.3%,同时土壤有效态镉含量显著降低,淹水平衡7 d时降幅为38.4%～45.0%,水稻移栽后30 d和60 d时降幅分别为37.4%～52.9%和33.2%～38.7%,水稻根系和糙米镉含量显著降低,降幅分别为24.0%～48.5%和26.3%～44.7%.等量碱性物质对提高土壤 pH和降低水稻镉累积的效果为石灰＞赤泥＞纸厂滤泥.纸厂滤泥和赤泥添加锌肥(0.2 g·kg^-1)对降低水稻镉累积的效果均比两者单施更明显.大田试验结果趋势基本相同,施入不同量的纸厂滤泥、赤泥及与锌肥配施后两季作物镉累积量显著减少,当季水稻糙米和第二季油菜籽粒镉含量分别较对照降低了27.1%～65.1%和16.4%～41.6%,糙米镉含量基本达到国家粮食卫生标准(GB 2715-2005).因此,对于中轻度酸性镉污染稻田土壤,利用纸厂滤泥、赤泥及与锌肥配合施用是一种可行的修复方法,通过构建与土壤镉污染程度等特征相适应的碱性废弃物用量与锌肥配施比例,可确保稻米质量安全.