公路工程施工安全事故致因模型构建

为了探究公路施工安全事故诱因及其影响关系,基于"4M"理论和事故致因"2-4"模型,识别公路工程施工安全事故致因因素并确定模型框架,运用SPSS Modeler软件对2007~2017年426起事故进行关联规则挖掘,采取路径分析与重要度分析,构建出公路工程施工安全事故致因模型。结果表明:施工单位内外部原因共同引发公路工程施工安全事故,外部原因来源于建设单位、监理单位和勘察设计单位的安全管理缺失,而施工单位内部影响因素中,人的不安全动作、物的不安全因素、不良的生产环境和自然环境是事故发生的直接原因,无效的安全监管和作业层安全素质及能力不强是间接原因,根本原因是施工程序和技术方案存在缺陷,根源原因是决策层和管理层的安全素质及能力有待提高。该模型系统展现了工程施工项目安全事故致因因素的影响关系和重要程度,为公路工程施工安全事故预防提供指导。     

大气环流模式CAM4对亚洲气候的高分辨率模拟

中小尺度地形不仅在区域尺度上影响降水和环流形势分布,还会影响季风、西风急流等大尺度的天气系统。新的全球模式分辨率得到明显提高,本研究通过对比分析CAM4高分辨率配置下的模拟结果与高分辨率APHRO降水和ERA-Interim再分析资料,评估高分辨率CAM4对亚洲地区气候系统的模拟性能。结果表明,该模式不仅对亚洲季风-干旱气候系统的大尺度分布特征有良好的模拟能力,还能很好地模拟出季风区和内陆干旱半干旱区年均和季节平均降水的高、低值中心以及水平风场、地表温度和海平面气压的区域差异性特征,尤其是山脉地形附近的降水极值和风场变化。此外,CAM4与气象资料间在不同空间尺度上的空间相关性均很好,其中地表温度的相关系数在0.9以上,降水在亚洲地区超过0.7。     

A novel bioremediation strategy for petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants using salt tolerant Corynebacterium variabile HRJ4 and biochar

The present work aimed to develop a novel strategy to bioremediate the petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in the environment. Salt tolerant bacterium was isolated from Dagang oilfield, China and identified as Corynebacterium variabile HRJ4 based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The bacterium had a high salt tolerant capability and biochar was developed as carrier for the bacterium. The bacteria with biochar were most effective in degradation of n-alkanes (C16, C18, C19, C26, C28) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NAP, PYR) mixture. The result demonstrated that immobilization of C. variabile HRJ4 with biochar showed higher degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (THPs) up to 78.9% after 7-day of incubation as compared to the free leaving bacteria. The approach of this study will be helpful in clean-up of petroleum-contamination in the environments through bioremediation process using eco-friendly and cost effective materials like biochar.     

以三乙烯四胺为前驱体合成的离子液体对CO2的吸收效果研究

以三乙烯四胺(TETA)为阳离子前驱体合成多胺基离子液体([TETAH]+[Cl]-、[TETAH]+[NO_3]~-、2[TETAH]+[SO_4]~(2-)和[TETAH]+[BF_4]~-),以CO_2摩尔吸收量和CO_2平均吸收速率为评价指标,优选出对CO_2吸收效果最优的2[TETAH]+[SO_4]~(2-)离子液体.进一步考察在不同含水率、气体流量和温度等因素下2[TETAH]+[SO_4]~(2-)离子液体对CO_2的吸收效果,结果表明:2[TETAH]+[SO_4]~(2-)吸收CO_2的最佳条件为含水率30%、气体流量50 m L·min~(-1)、温度10℃,此时CO_2饱和摩尔吸收量达到1.325 mol·mol~(-1),各因素对CO_2吸收量的影响大小顺序为含水率气体流量温度.     

镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)对2,4,6-三氯苯酚的降解特性及其机制

为了解镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)降解2,4,6-三氯苯酚(TCP)的因素影响规律,研究了温度、p H、外加碳源、氮源、氯离子及TCP浓度对其降解特性的影响,分析了其降解动力学与降解途径.结论:镰刀菌能以TCP为唯一碳源和能源物质进行生长繁殖,TCP降解最适条件为:氮源Na NO3(0.2 g·L~(-1)),30℃,p H=6~7.外加碳源葡萄糖对降解TCP具有明显的抑制作用.氯离子浓度低于0.2 g·L~(-1)时对降解TCP具有一定的促进作用,但随着氯离子浓度的增加,TCP的降解受到了抑制.镰刀菌对TCP降解速率随着其浓度的升高而减缓.镰刀菌能降解10~50 mg·L~(-1)的TCP,其降解反应符合零级降解动力学方程.镰刀菌降解TCP过程中检测到2,6-二氯苯酚(RT 12.521 min),可推测TCP是通过2,6-二氯苯酚途径进行降解的.     

台风“麦德姆”福州降水δ18O特征及水汽来源分析

大气降水的氢氧同位素不仅在长时间尺度和短时间尺度上对气候环境有一定的响应,而且在极端天气事件中也响应强烈。论文基于2014年7月23ȁ4;24日10号台风麦德姆登陆前后福州降水的氢氧稳定同位素分析,发现台风麦德姆降水的;4;¹⁸O变化范围为-7.2‰~-15.4‰,整个降雨过程分为3个阶段：阶段1（23日3：00至23日12：00）,雨水;4;¹⁸O相对偏正（加权平均值为-7.8‰）,降水开始增加,主要受台风外围环流的影响;阶段2（23日12：00至24日8：00）,雨水;4;¹⁸O显著偏负（加权平均值为-13.9‰）,采样点降水量达134.8 mm,约占观测时段降水量的78%,降雨量效应明显,主要受台风云雨区影响;阶段3（24日8：00至24日17：00）,雨水;4;¹⁸O偏正（加权平均值为-9.2‰）,降水减少,台风远离福州。通过降水;4;¹⁸O的阶段性特征以及过量氘,结合水汽输送通量与HYSPLIT-4模拟水汽轨迹分析,确定此次降水的水汽源主要来自西北太平洋水汽通道与孟加拉湾和南海水汽通道。     

阴、阳离子影响离子液体溶解甲烷性能的研究进展

煤矿抽采出的低浓度瓦斯直接排空不仅浪费清洁能源而且加剧温室效应。离子液体(IL)是近年来用于气体分离的热点研究对象。综述了利用IL分离气体,特别在溶解CH_4气体方面的研究进展,归纳了具有高效溶解CH4能力的IL结构特征,以及阴阳离子对IL溶解CH_4的影响规律。分析结果表明CH_4在大部分ILs中的溶解度较小;与咪唑类ILs相比,阴离子为[FAP]~-、[doc]~-、[Tf_2N]~-、[TMPP]~-,阳离子取代链为长烷烃的季膦类和季胺类ILs具有更强的溶解CH_4的能力。特别是[P4444][TMPP]和[P(14)666][TMPP]对CH_4表现出优越的溶解性,可考虑用这2种ILs存储CH_4。至于两者能否用于浓缩CH_4,还需实验测试[P4444][TMPP]和[P(14)666][TMPP]溶解CO_2和N_2的情况,以及对溶解过程的影响。     

介质阻挡放电等离子体降解CF4

采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)等离子体技术降解强温室气体CF₄,考察了外加气体氧气(O₂)、空气、氩气 (Ar) 对DBD降解CF₄的影响. 结果表明:随着放电时间的延长,CF₄降解率升高. 3种外加气体条件下,CF₄的降解率依次为Ar>空气>O₂. 外施电压1 000 V,Ar条件下放电4 min,CF₄降解率可达98.2%,而O₂条件下CF₄降解率只有36.9%. 水汽对CF₄降解有一定抑制作用. 红外光谱检测结果表明,降解产物主要为CO₂,CO和COF₂.      

硫酸亚铈催化下二苯甲烷的合成

介绍苯和苯甲醇在环境友好型催化剂硫酸亚铈的催化下合成二苯甲烷,研究了催化剂用量、反应时间对该傅克反应的影响.实验结果表明,该催化剂具有良好的催化活性,实验过程简单,无腐蚀,无废水污染.表1,参4.     

Interaction between cadmium,lead and potassium fertilizer (K<Subscript>2</Subscript>SO<Subscript>4</Subscript>) in a soil-plant system

A pot experiment was conducted to examine the influence of potassium (K) fertilizer (K₂SO₄) application on the phytoavailability and speciation distribution of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in soil. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was selected as the test plant. There were seven treatments including single and combined contamination of Cd and Pb. CdCl₂·2.5 H₂O and Pb(NO₃)₂ were added to the soil at the following dosages: Cd + Pb = 0.00 + 0.00, 5.00 + 0.00, 25.0 + 0.00, 0.00 + 500, 0.00 + 1000, 5.00 + 500 and 25.0 + 1000 mg kg⁻¹, denoted by CK, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively. The K fertilizer had five levels: 0.00, 50.0, 100, 200 and 400 mg K₂O kg⁻¹ soil, denoted by K0, K1, K2, K3 and K4, respectively. The results showed that the K fertilizer promoted the dry weight (DW) of wheat in all treatments and alleviated the contamination by Cd and Pb. The application of K₂SO₄ reduced the uptake of Cd in different parts including roots, haulms and grains of wheat; the optimum dosage was the K2 level. K supply resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the soluble plus exchangeable (SE) fraction of Cd and there was a negative correlation (not significant, P > 0.05) between the levels of K and the SE fraction of Cd in soil. The application of the K fertilizer could obviously restrain the uptake of Pb by wheat and there were significant (P < 0.05) negative correlations between the concentrations of Pb in grains and the levels of K in soil. K supply resulted in a decrease in the SE fraction of Pb (except the K1 level) from the K0 to K4 levels. At the same time, the application of the K fertilizer induced a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the weakly specifically adsorbed (WSA) fraction of Pb and a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the bound to Fe–Mn oxides (OX) fraction of Pb. At different K levels, the concentration of Pb in the roots, haulms and grains had a positive correlation with the SE (not significant, P > 0.05) and WSA (significant, P < 0.05) fractions of Pb in the soil. All the K application levels in this experiment reduced the phytoavailability of Cd and Pb. Thus, it is feasible to apply K fertilizer (K₂SO₄) to alleviate contamination by Cd and/or Pb in soil. Moreover, the level of K application should be considered to obtain an optimal effect with the minimum dosage.