混合电镀废水处理工艺

物化法是处理混合电镀废水的一种有效方法,对COD、Pb离子、Ni离子尤其是Pb离子、Ni离子的处理效果非常理想。COD的去除率达到80.1%,Pb离子的去除率达到97.2%,Ni离子的去除率达到98.1%,中间产出的污泥也可得到较好处理。     

基于贝叶斯理论的小麦籽粒镉铅超标风险预测

对农作物污染风险进行预测具有重大意义.基于贝叶斯定理及数据分布特征,建立了贝叶斯风险预测模型,并使用区域大田调查土壤-小麦重金属含量数据,预测小麦籽粒Cd和Pb超标风险并验证该模型的准确度.结果表明,该模型预测小麦籽粒Cd超标风险时相对偏差较小,以小麦籽粒Cd含量为变量的预测相对偏差仅为(2.66±1.87)%,以土壤DTPA-Cd含量和土壤Cd全量为变量时预测相对偏差则分别为(5.11±3.77)%和(5.88±3.87)%, 3个变量均能使预测结果与真实超标概率的平均相对偏差小于10%.预测小麦籽粒Pb超标风险时,仅小麦籽粒Pb含量的预测相对偏差小于10%.数据来源、数据分布特征和变量的选择是影响贝叶斯风险预测模型预测相对偏差的重要因素.该模型基于大田数据的先验分布,能够有效反映大田生产条件下小麦籽粒重金属与土壤因子间的相互关系,预测较准确,具有应用潜力.     

Optimizing the atmospheric sampling sites using fuzzy mathematic methods

A new approach applying fuzzy mathematic theorems, including the Primary Matrix Element Theorem and the Fisher Classification Method, was established to solve the optimization problem of atmospheric environmental sampling sites. According to its basis, an application in the optimization of sampling sites in the atmospheric environmental monitoring was discussed. The method was proven to be suitable and effective. The results were admitted and applied by the Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) of many cities of China. A set of computer software of this approach was also comuletelv comniled and used.     

Uncertainty, learning, and the optimal management of wildlife

Wildlife management is limited by uncontrolled and often unrecognized environmental variation, by limited capabilities to observe and control animal populations, and by a lack of understanding about the biological processes driving population dynamics. In this paper I describe a comprehensive framework for management that includes multiple models and likelihood values to account for structural uncertainty, along with stochastic factors to account for environmental variation, random sampling, and partial controllability. Adaptive optimization is developed in terms of the optimal control of incompletely understood populations, with the expected value of perfect information measuring the potential for improving control through learning. The framework for optimal adaptive control is generalized by including partial observability and non-adaptive, sample-based updating of model likelihoods. Passive adaptive management is derived as a special case of constrained adaptive optimization, representing a potentially efficient suboptimal alternative that nonetheless accounts for structural uncertainty.     

The Reynolds transport theorem: Application to ecological compartment modeling and case study of ecosystem energetics

The Reynolds transport theorem (RTT) from mathematics and engineering has a rich history of success in mass transport dynamics and traditional thermodynamics. This paper introduces RTT as a complementary approach to traditional compartmental methods used in ecological modeling and network analysis. A universal system equation for a generic flow quantity is developed into a generic open-system differential expression for conservation of energy. Nonadiabatic systems are defined and incorporated into control volume (CV) and control surface (CS) perspectives of RTT where reductive assumptions in empirical data are then formally introduced, reviewed, and appropriately implemented. Compartment models are abstract, time-dependent systems of simultaneous differential equations describing storage and flow of conservative quantities between interconnected entities (the compartments). As such, they represent a set of flexible and somewhat informal, assumptions, definitions, algebraic manipulations, and graphical depictions subject to influence and selectively parsed expression by the modeler. In comparison, RTT compartment models are more rigorous and formal integro-differential equations and graphics initiated by the RTT universal system equation, forcing an ordered identification of simplifying assumptions, ending with clearly identified depictions of the transfer and transport of conservative substances in physical space and time. They are less abstract in the rigor of their equation development leaving less ambiguity to modeler discretion. They achieve greater consistency with other RTT compartment style models while possibly generating greater conformity with physical reality. Characteristics of the RTT approach are compared with those of a traditional compartment model of energy flow in an intertidal oyster-reef community.     

随机振动加速度响应谱及与冲击等效性分析

目的 获得随机振动的加速度响应谱,提升随机振动与冲击的等效性分析精度。方法 首先,基于维纳-辛钦定理,推导单自由度系统在随机振动基础激励作用下加速度响应均方值的通用表达式;其次,分别推导单自由度系统在理想白噪声和限带非均匀谱随机振动基础激励作用下的加速度响应均方值;再次,基于3σ准则,推导限带非均匀谱随机振动的3σ加速度响应谱;最后,基于加速度响应等效,通过将装备随机振动条件的3σ加速度响应谱与冲击条件的冲击响应谱进行等效性分析,对GJB 150.18A—2009中的冲击试验剪裁条件进行精细优化。结果 精细优化后,可有效改善冲击试验剪裁条件的工程实施精度。结论 获得了限带非均匀谱随机振动的3σ加速度响应谱,并基于此对GJB 150.18A—2009中的冲击试验剪裁条件进行了精细优化,对于装备合理剪裁冲击试验具有借鉴意义。     

Voting Systems for Environmental Decisions

Voting systems aggregate preferences efficiently and are often used for deciding conservation priorities. Desirable characteristics of voting systems include transitivity, completeness, and Pareto optimality, among others. Voting systems that are common and potentially useful for environmental decision making include simple majority, approval, and preferential voting. Unfortunately, no voting system can guarantee an outcome, while also satisfying a range of very reasonable performance criteria. Furthermore, voting methods may be manipulated by decision makers and strategic voters if they have knowledge of the voting patterns and alliances of others in the voting populations. The difficult properties of voting systems arise in routine decision making when there are multiple criteria and management alternatives. Because each method has flaws, we do not endorse one method. Instead, we urge organizers to be transparent about the properties of proposed voting systems and to offer participants the opportunity to approve the voting system as part of the ground rules for operation of a group. Sistemas de Votación para Decisiones Ambientales     

我国流域横向生态补偿机制的制度经济学分析

本文结合近期案例,分析我国的流域横向生态补偿试点在科斯范式基础上结合中国国情进行的制度创新。当上下游的博弈难以同时满足参与约束和激励相容约束时,合约中引入了纵向补偿来填平双方的"价格"鸿沟,形成了"纵横"交织的嵌套式合约;以奖罚并举的双向补偿来化解上下游的"产权"争议;借助中央政府的支持和地方政府的环保"锦标赛"机制克服了科斯定理对交易成本过度敏感的难题。最后,本文针对横向生态补偿试点中存在的问题提出了若干政策建议。     

地震作用下滑坡永久位移预测

在地震区滑坡防治结构的抗震设计中,滑坡体自身的稳定安全性可利用其地震作用下产生的永久位移直接判断,可见对其地震永久变形的预测至关重要。因此,以极限分析上限定理为基础,分别针对平移式和旋转式两种滑坡滑移形式,推导出这两种滑移形式下滑坡体产生永久位移的临界加速度,考虑地震输入能量及结构能量耗散之间的平衡关系并建立预测地震作用下滑坡永久位移的计算方法。最后,通过算例表明其合理性。     

基于上限定理的抗滑群桩设计理论研究

针对抗滑群桩设计理论方面存在的问题,即荷载传递及滑坡推力分配的不确定性,基于极限分析的上限定理,给出了一种抗滑群桩的设计方法,即人为增大第一排抗滑桩的桩间距,并按极限土压力公式设计,作用在第二排抗滑桩上的荷载则按照上限定理给出。根据上述思想,并结合滑坡能量安全系数的定义和多块体体系速度场计算方法,提出了抗滑群桩的一种设计理论。