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1.
Although animal personality research may have applied uses, this suggestion has yet to be evaluated by assessing empirical studies examining animal personality and conservation. To address this knowledge gap, we performed a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature relating to conservation science and animal personality. Criteria for inclusion in our review included access to full text, primary research articles, and relevant animal conservation or personality focus (i.e., not human personality studies). Ninety-two articles met these criteria. We summarized the conservation contexts, testing procedures (including species and sample size), analytical approach, claimed personality traits (activity, aggression, boldness, exploration, and sociability), and each report's key findings and conservation-focused suggestions. Although providing evidence for repeatability in behavior is crucial for personality studies, repeatability quantification was implemented in only half of the reports. Nonetheless, each of the 5 personality traits were investigated to some extent in a range of conservations contexts. The most robust studies in the field showed variance in how personality relates to other ecologically important variables across species and contexts. Moreover, many studies were first attempts at using personality for conservation purposes in a given study system. Overall, it appears personality is not yet a fully realized tool for conservation. To apply personality research to conservation problems, we suggest researchers think about where individual differences in behavior may affect conservation outcomes in their system, assess where there are opportunities for repeated measures, and follow the most current methodological guides on quantifying personality.  相似文献   
2.
Deep learning (DL) models are increasingly used to make accurate hindcasts of management-relevant variables, but they are less commonly used in forecasting applications. Data assimilation (DA) can be used for forecasts to leverage real-time observations, where the difference between model predictions and observations today is used to adjust the model to make better predictions tomorrow. In this use case, we developed a process-guided DL and DA approach to make 7-day probabilistic forecasts of daily maximum water temperature in the Delaware River Basin in support of water management decisions. Our modeling system produced forecasts of daily maximum water temperature with an average root mean squared error (RMSE) from 1.1 to 1.4°C for 1-day-ahead and 1.4 to 1.9°C for 7-day-ahead forecasts across all sites. The DA algorithm marginally improved forecast performance when compared with forecasts produced using the process-guided DL model alone (0%–14% lower RMSE with the DA algorithm). Across all sites and lead times, 65%–82% of observations were within 90% forecast confidence intervals, which allowed managers to anticipate probability of exceedances of ecologically relevant thresholds and aid in decisions about releasing reservoir water downstream. The flexibility of DL models shows promise for forecasting other important environmental variables and aid in decision-making.  相似文献   
3.
浮游植物是水生态系统中最重要的组成部分,因其对水环境变化敏感而常被用于指示水环境状态,但其对环境的响应受分类方法的影响.为了解洞庭湖浮游植物种群(门、属)和功能群(FG)两种分类法对环境的驱动响应特征和适用性,于2019年3~12月分水期对该湖共进行了4次采样,比较分析了浮游植物种群和功能群的分布特征及其与环境因子的响应关系,并对比了TLI指数、 Shannon-Wiener指数、Q指数等评价方法在洞庭湖的适用性.结果表明,洞庭湖共检出浮游植物6门61属,可划分为23个功能群和9个优势功能群,功能群演替趋势为P/MP/D(3月)■月)■月)■(12月).层次分割结果表明,洞庭湖浮游植物的种群分布与变化受环境因子的驱动大于空间驱动;影响浮游植物种群和功能群的主要环境因子为水温(WT)、高锰酸盐指数、溶解氧(DO)、电导率(Cond)、水位(WL)和总磷(TP),环境因子对两者的独立解释性排序相差不大.RDA分析表明,浮游植物功能群对环境因子的响应要优于浮游植物种群.综合对比分析发现,利用Q指数进行水质评价在洞庭湖水体有较好的适用性.  相似文献   
4.
环境微塑料可吸附有机污染物,并与有机污染物进行相互作用从而改变其毒性效应,增加微塑料的治理难度。本文就全球范围内微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用及毒性效应的研究进展进行综述,分析不同介质中微塑料与有机污染物的共存水平、吸附机理、影响因素以及联合毒性效应等。研究表明,微塑料可作为多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、六氯环己烷(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)等有机污染物的载体,并且吸附的有机污染物浓度在不同区域之间差异较大,在拥有大量工业、港口和农业活动的地区浓度较高。微塑料与有机污染物的共存机制主要为疏水分配以及静电相互作用。吸附过程受微塑料粒径、结构、微塑料老化程度、有机物结构(官能团结构、极性、聚合物状态)以及吸附介质(pH值、温度、盐度等)的影响。微塑料与污染物联合作用可增加生物体内有毒有害物质的浓度,并影响生物生理功能从而增加毒性作用;也可以通过降低环境中污染物的自由态,减少污染物的富集率以及利用度从而使毒性效应减弱。最后,本文提出了现有研究的不足并对今后的相关研究发展趋势进行了展望。  相似文献   
5.
Urbanization and mass movement of the population from rural areas and small cities to megacities have led to environmental, economic, and social problems in Iran. In dealing with these challenges, assessing resource and environmental carrying capacity (RECC) is considered an effective method to leverage space and capital to achieve sustainable development. This study aimed to rank the provincial RECC in Iran. Toward this purpose, environmental indices were generated from remotely sensed and statistical census data. Then, the provinces were scored in terms of environmental, economic, and infrastructural carrying capacities, and RECC using the mean variance analysis method. Results demonstrated that in most areas, there is no relationship between economic and infrastructural capacities and development. Statistically, a correlation coefficient of −0.53 between economic and environmental carrying capacities indicated excessive use of environmental capacities. Moreover, the spatial distribution pattern of environmental, economic, and infrastructural carrying capacity was entirely heterogeneous between the provinces; there was a northeast–southwest pattern in terms of infrastructural capacity and an economic pattern from north to south. The distribution pattern of RECC is most consistent with the environmental capacity, pointing at the high weight of the indicators of the RECC model. In conclusion, this research offers a new vision for policymakers and provides a theoretical and applicable framework for implementing sustainable strategies in land-use planning. It is recommended that the RECC concept and tools can be used not only for planning but also for measuring the efficiency of spatial development programs and establishing land balances in the region.  相似文献   
6.
The sharing of environmental cost by residents in various residential areas in the developing world is perceived to be unfair. This study therefore assessed residents’ experiences of environmental justice in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Three residential areas were identified in the study area and samples were selected using systematic sampling. Using availability and condition of urban infrastructure, severity of environmental problems and residents’ involvement in environmental issues, the study examined environmental justice in the study area. The study established a variation in environmental issues across identified residential areas. The severity of environmental problem measured through an index tagged Severity of Environmental Problem (SEPI) revealed that environmental problems was most severe in the core (SEPI = 4.00), followed by the peripheral area (SEPI = 3.71) and least in the transition area (SEPI = 3.56). On the condition of available environmental infrastructure, the study revealed that the conditions of infrastructure were most improved in the peripheral area (ICI = 3.07), followed by the core (ICI = 2.67) and the least in the transition area (ICI = 2.42). The study concluded that residents’ experiences of environmental justice differ significantly across the different residential zones as reflected by residents’ socio-economic characteristics. Furthermore, it established that age, gender, educational status, and number of years spent in the area can be used to explain the differences in residents’ experience of environmental justice in the study area. To enhance the liveability, the study recommends adequate provision of environmental amenities needed by each category of people in the city.  相似文献   
7.
为了探索盐渍化土壤中微生物多样性及群落构成,有效筛选盐渍土壤中耐盐微生物菌群.采用高通量测序技术对采集的河北省滨海盐渍土(原生盐渍化)、设施盐渍土(次生盐渍化)和高产粮田(健康土壤)3个生境的耕层土壤样本细菌和真菌多样性、群落结构、网络关系及其影响因子进行测定.结果表明,与大田土壤相比,设施土壤中OM、AP、AK、TS和EC显著升高,滨海盐渍土壤的TS和EC显著升高,其他养分指标则显著降低.细菌α多样性依次为:设施盐渍土>高产粮田>滨海盐渍土,真菌α多样性则为高产粮田显著高于设施盐渍土和滨海盐渍土.在门和属水平上分析盐渍化土壤的菌群结构,细菌群落中绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)及其菌属和真菌群落中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)及其中有益菌Trichocladium和病原菌Fusarium为盐渍化土壤中的优势微生物类群.土壤EC和TS两个盐分因子是对细菌和真菌菌群分布贡献最大的因子,与绿弯菌门中unclassified_A4b和unclassified_Chloroflexi以及变形菌门中unclassified_α-Proteobacteria等细菌菌属和子囊菌门中Trichocladium、unclassified_ChaetomiaceaeCrassicarponCephaliophoraSodiomyces等真菌菌属呈显著正相关.研究结果为盐渍化土壤修复所需的微生物资源筛选提供了理论依据.  相似文献   
8.
环境规制对资源型城市绿色全要素生产率是否具有推动作用,通过何种路径驱动以及是否存在城市类型异质性有待进一步理清。本文选取2004—2019年中国113座资源型城市的面板数据,利用非径向、非角度的SBM模型与GML指数对资源型城市绿色全要素生产率进行测算,随后通过构建多重中介效应模型实证检验了科技创新、外商直接投资和产业结构优化在环境规制影响绿色全要素生产率的传导机制及其在城市类型间的异质性。研究表明:(1)从全样本回归结果看,环境规制对资源型城市绿色全要素生产率的作用系数显著为正,产业结构优化和外商直接投资均发挥了显著的正向中介效应,而科技创新表现为间接抑制作用;在非资源型城市中,三类中介效应均不显著。(2)类型异质性检验显示,科技创新在成长型、成熟型城市中发挥了正向中介效应,在再生型城市中表现为间接抑制作用;外商直接投资在衰退型城市中的中介效应值为正,而在再生型城市中表现为负向中介效应;产业结构优化在成长型与成熟型城市中发挥了正向中介效应。(3)对比中介效应结果表明,全样本回归时,产业结构优化、外商直接投资和科技创新的中介效应梯次递减,产业结构优化的中介效应占比接近80%,环境规制的...  相似文献   
9.
Despite long-standing knowledge of the benefits of riparian buffers for mitigating nonpoint source pollution, many streams are unprotected by buffers. Even landowners who understand ecological values of buffers mow riparian vegetation to the streambank. Do trends in rural riparian conditions reflect the development of riparian forest science? What motivates residential riparian management actions? Using high-resolution orthoimagery, we quantified riparian conditions and trends between 1998 and 2015 in the rural upper Little Tennessee River basin in Macon County, North Carolina and explored how landowners view riparian zone management and riparian restoration programs. Buffer composition in 2015 was as follows: no buffer (32.5%), narrow (19.3%), forested (26.7%), shrub (7.2%), and intermediate (7.0%). Relative to 1998, the greatest decrease occurred in the no buffer class (−17.7%, 46 km) and the largest increases occurred in the shrub (+72.5%, 20 km) and narrow (12.6%, 14 km) classes. Forested buffer marginally increased. Semi-structured interview data suggest that landowners prioritize recreational and scenic aspects of riparian buffers over ecological functions such as filtration and bank stabilization. Riparian restoration programs might be made more enticing to non-adopters if outreach language appealed to landowner priorities, design elements demonstrated intentional management, and program managers highlighted areas where ecological goals and landowner values align.  相似文献   
10.
有机磷酸酯(OPEs)作为溴代阻燃剂的替代品,在生产生活中被广泛使用,其环境污染和毒性效应受到广泛关注.梳理中国七大典型流域水体中OPEs的含量水平和分布特征,计算中国成人、青少年和儿童的OPEs日均饮水暴露量,对其健康风险进行评估,并通过蒙特卡洛模拟方法评价了结果的可靠性.检索整理了12种OPEs对水生生物的毒性效应浓度,构建物种敏感度分布(SSD)曲线,对生态风险进行评估.结果表明,低等暴露水平下,七大流域ΣOPEs的第5百分位浓度为52.61 ng·L-1;中等暴露水平下,七大流域ΣOPEs的中位浓度为499.74 ng·L-1,磷酸三氯乙酯(TCEP)、磷酸三乙酯(TEP)和磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯(TDCP)为主要污染物;高等暴露水平下,七大流域ΣOPEs的第95百分位浓度为1904.4 ng·L-1,是其中等暴露水平的3.8倍,长江流域的ΣOPEs浓度最高.健康风险评估表明,不同人群通过饮用水暴露于OPEs的非致癌风险均在可接受范围内.磷酸三甲酯(TMP)、磷酸三异丁酯(TiBP)和TCEP是致癌风险的主要贡献者.生态风险评估结果表明,TCEP在高等暴露水平下存在中等生态风险;磷酸三正丁酯(TnBP)在中等暴露水平下存在中等生态风险,在高等暴露水平下,有较高生态风险;磷酸三苯酯(TPhP)在低中高3种暴露水平下的风险商均大于1,有较高生态风险,需要重点关注.  相似文献   
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