基于地理探测器的土壤重金属影响因子分析及其污染风险评价

地理探测器能快速定量化揭示驱动重金属含量影响因素的强度,这对于重金属空间预测模型构建变量的确定和土壤污染修复措施的精准实施具有重要意义。利用地理探测器模型,对5种土壤重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni的空间分布和11种环境因子的交互作用进行定量评估,通过单因子指数法进行重庆市土壤重金属污染风险评价。结果表明:研究区内土壤Cu、Zn、Cr和Pb的平均含量是重庆市土壤背景值的1.3—1.4倍,Ni含量低于背景值;其中Cu、Pb达到重度污染水平,其余3种重金属为中度或轻度污染水平。5种重金属元素中Cu和Pb为高度变异(变异系数为0.57、0.4),Zn、Cr和Ni为中等变异(变异系数为0.22—0.29),且各重金属元素之间呈显著正相关性,表明研究区重金属富集受人为干扰影响较大,且污染具有复合性或同源性。地理探测器的因子探测发现高程、坡度和土壤类型对5种土壤重金属含量的解释力最显著,说明地势和土壤类型是土壤重金属含量分布差异的最主要影响因素。交互作用探测发现,高程与其他因子交互作用是重金属空间分异的主导因素,气候条件和土壤类型也是重要影响因子。土壤重金属空间分布是多种因素共同作用的结果,而高程、坡度和土壤类型具有较强的解释力,这些因子可作为土壤重金属含量空间预测模型的辅助变量,也可促进重金属污染治理措施的靶向实施。     

Assessment of deep aquifer groundwater quality in a geographically unique climatic region of Southern Western Ghats,India using water quality indices

Water quality index (WQI) models are generally used in hydrochemical studies to simplify complex data into single values to reflect the overall quality. In this study, deep groundwater quality in the Chittur and Palakkad Taluks of the Bharathapuzha river basin of Kerala, India, was assessed by employing the WQI method developed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). The assessment of overall water quality is indispensable due to the specific characteristics of the study area, such as geography, climate, over-drafting, and prevalent agricultural practices. Forty representative samples were collected from the study area for monsoon (MON) and pre-monsoon (PRM) seasons. The results showed a general increase of contents from MON to PRM. The major cations were spread in the order Ca²⁺>Na+>Mg²⁺>K⁺ and the anions HCO₃⁻>Cl⁻>CO₃²⁻ based on their relative abundance. Among various parameters analysed, alkalinity and bicarbonate levels during MON were comparatively high, which is indicative of carbonate weathering, and 90% of the samples failed to meet the World Health Organization (WHO, 2017)/Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2012) drinking water guidelines. The CCME WQI analysis revealed that nearly 50% of the samples during each season represented good and excellent categories. The samples in the poor category comprised 10% in MON and 15% in PRM. The overall WQI exhibited 15% of poor category samples as well. The spatial depiction of CCME WQI classes helped to expose zones of degraded quality in the centre to eastward parts. The spatial and temporal variations of CCME WQI classes and different physicochemical attributes indicated the influence of common factors attributing to the deep groundwater quality. The study also revealed inland salinity at Kolluparamba and Peruvamba stations, where agricultural activities were rampant with poor surface water irrigation.     

砷尾矿污染土壤的细菌群落结构多样性及其相关环境影响因子分析

以湖南石门雄黄尾矿污染土壤为对象,研究纵向不同深度、横向不同距离土样中的重金属污染程度以及细菌群落结构变化规律,查明砷污染土壤的核心微生物组成并将其与土壤理化指标进行共存网络图分析。结果表明:该尾矿区的土壤各项重金属指标严重超标,尤以铅(626.54 mg·kg^?1,Ei=105.48)、砷(1804.75 mg·kg^?1,Ei=565.75)、镉(31.46 mg·kg^?1,Ei=7491.5)的生态危害性最强;土壤采样深度与重金属综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)呈显著正相关(r=0.79,P=0.000),而横向样品中RI与采样距离显著负相关(r=?0.85,P=0.000)。在污染土壤中,变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria,54.35%±17.16%)和放线杆菌门(Actinobacteria,22.39%±10.64%)占主导地位,属层级中假单孢杆菌属(Pseudomonas,16.47%±11.84%)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter,8.07%±7.11%)以及硫酸状杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus,7.53%±14.68%)相对丰度较高;而26个共享类群占据了该尾矿污染土壤中微生物群落总平均相对丰度90%以上,尽管不同属的具体相对丰度在不同样品间的分布趋势差异较大。纵剖采集的污染土样中,铁原体属(Ferroplasma)、硫酸状杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus)、硫化杆菌属(Sulfobacillus)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)占优势,与理化的共存网络图分析(相关系数|r|≥0.6,P<0.05)显示部分类群与亚铁、游离态砷和镉成显著正相关,而与pH成显著负相关;横向采集的土样中,以嗜酸菌属(Acidiphilium)、假单孢杆菌属(Pseudomonas)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)等为主,部分类群与总砷、铅成显著正相关,而与结合态或包蔽型砷成显著负相关。综上,该研究不仅对目标区域尾矿不同重金属污染程度进行了分析,同时探讨了污染土壤中核心响应类群的组成多样性,为筛选潜在重金属抗性菌群或工程菌群提供理论基础。     

Five-wheel framework for system-based monitoring of heavy metal pollution in rivers

Sectorial approach for monitoring heavy metal pollution in rivers has failed to report realistic pollution status and associated ecological and human health risks. The increasing spread of heavy metals from different sources and emerging risks to human and environmental health call for reexamining heavy metal pollution monitoring frameworks. Also, the sources, spread, and load of heavy metals in the environment have changed significantly over time, requiring consequent modification in the monitoring frameworks. Therefore, studies on heavy metal monitoring in rivers conducted in the last decade were evaluated for experimental designs, research frameworks, and data presentations. Most studies (∼99%) (i) lacked inclusiveness of all environmental compartments; (ii) focused on “one pollutant – one/two compartment” or sometimes “one pollutant – one compartment – one effect” approach; and (iii) remained “data-rich but information poor.” An ecological approach with integrative system thinking is proposed to develop a holistic approach for monitoring river pollution. It is visualized that heavy metal monitoring, risk analyses, and water management must incorporate tracking pollutants in different environmental compartments of a river (water, sediment, and floodplain/bank soil) and consider correlating it with riverbank land use. The systems-based pollution monitoring and assessment studies will reveal the critical factors that drive heavy metals pollutant movement in ecosystems and associated potential risks to the environment, wildlife, and humans. Also, water quality and pollution indexing tools would help better communicate complex pollution data and associated risks among all stakeholders. Therefore, integrating systems approaches in scientific- and policy-based tools would help sustainably manage the health of rivers, wildlife, and humans.     

天水市紫外吸收性气溶胶时空动态的遥感监测

采用OMI传感器的气溶胶产品,分析了2006—2015年中国西部城市天水市对流层紫外吸收性气溶胶的时空分布特征。结果表明:空间上,十年间天水市的吸收性气溶胶表现出从中部向周围依次减弱的南北向带状分布规律;季节变化呈现出秋冬季高于春夏季的规律;时间上,吸收性气溶胶指数(AI)从2006年的0.075增至2015年的0.506,年均值为0.28,年均增长率为57.5%;十年间出现2次阶段性增长和2次阶段性减小;AI年际变化与天水市地方总产值相关性为0.902,第一产业对其影响最大,第三产业影响最小。     

沼泽湿地水生无脊椎动物完整性指数构建与健康评价

依据2017年5、7、9月对三江平原19处沼泽湿地(参照湿地6处,受损湿地13处)的水生无脊椎动物采样结果,应用生物完整性理论和方法,构建水生无脊椎动物完整性指数,评价三江平原沼泽湿地健康状况。通过对27个候选指标的分布范围、判别能力和相关性分析,筛选出总分类单元数、扁卷螺科百分比、龙虱科百分比、刮食者百分比4个指标构成水生无脊椎动物完整性指数核心指标。采用比值法计算各指标参数值,将各参数值加和得到水生无脊椎动物完整性指数值。根据参照湿地水生无脊椎动物完整性指数值的25%分位数值确定评价标准,对小于25%分位数的值进行三等分,确定三江平原沼泽湿地健康评价标准:≥2.58,无干扰;1.72～2.58,轻度干扰;0.86～1.72,中度干扰;0～0.86,重度干扰。结果表明:所调查的三江平原沼泽湿地有78.95%受到不同程度的干扰(其中47.37%受到了中重度干扰),21.05%属于无干扰。     

基于稳健统计方法对实验室比对中土壤汞的质量控制指标研究

利用稳健四分位间距法和迭代法2种稳健统计方法,通过对全国31个省、自治区、直辖市范围内共334家环境监测单位开展土壤中汞的实验室间比对,对比对测定结果和质控数据进行统计分析,系统性地研究了土壤中汞的质量控制指标。建议实际监测工作中土壤汞的实验室间相对标准偏差范围为7%～19%,相对误差控制指标为±8%,低浓度水平下可适当放宽至±10%,加标回收率控制范围为81%～109%,为日常监测开展土壤汞的质量控制工作提供了评价依据,具有广泛的应用价值和较好的指导作用。     

不同煤层煤氧化自燃性实验分析

为研究不同煤层煤自然发火特征的异同性及规律，以淮南矿区1号、3号、6号、13号煤层为研究对象，通过自然发火实验，对不同煤层煤的自然发火期周期、煤样70℃时放热强度和R70值进行分析。研究结果表明:4个不同煤层煤样自燃性由强到弱依次为:3煤>6煤>1煤>13煤；变质程度相近的4个煤层，3煤自然发火期最短，这与煤体中硫分和水分含量高有关；13煤变质程度较高，且前期放热强度、耗氧速率增长缓慢，其自燃性较弱；4个不同煤层煤的耗氧速率、CO，CO2产生率，以及C2H4/C2H6值随煤温升高具有相似的变化规律；煤中CH4气体大量解吸出现于煤温60℃之前，煤中灰分在80~120℃开始逐渐吸热融化，解析和融化均会抑制煤氧接触并且减小煤氧反应放热总量。     

基于Landsat 8遥感数据的天津市地表温度反演

以Landsat 8遥感数据为数据源,进行天津市地表温度反演研究。首先采用单通道算法反演地表温度,并利用均值标准差法进行温度分级。然后建立不同温度等级面积比例的估算模型。再通过随机样点,从不同温度等级和土地覆盖类型2个角度,分别建立并比较不同类样点的地表温度与各指数的拟合模型。结果表明:次高温区域面积比例与人口密度、人均GDP都具有较高的决定系数;地表温度与NDVI、BAEM的二元线性回归决定系数高于地表温度与单一指数的决定系数;将样点分类后,低温点与MNDBI的决定系数高于其他温度等级样点,水域和植被样点与各种指数的决定系数高于其他地物类型样点。     

A climate-change vulnerability and adaptation assessment for Brazil's protected areas

Brazil hosts the largest expanse of tropical ecosystems within protected areas (PAs), which shelter biodiversity and support traditional human populations. We assessed the vulnerability to climate change of 993 terrestrial and coastal-marine Brazilian PAs by combining indicators of climatic-change hazard with indicators of PA resilience (size, native vegetation cover, and probability of climate-driven vegetation transition). This combination of indicators allows the identification of broad climate-change adaptation pathways. Seventeen PAs (20,611 km²) were highly vulnerable and located mainly in the Atlantic Forest (7 PAs), Cerrado (6), and the Amazon (4). Two hundred fifty-eight PAs (756,569 km²), located primarily in Amazonia, had a medium vulnerability. In the Amazon and western Cerrado, the projected severe climatic change and probability of climate-driven vegetation transition drove vulnerability up, despite the generally good conservation status of PAs. Over 80% of PAs of high or moderate vulnerability are managed by indigenous populations. Hence, besides the potential risks to biodiversity, the traditional knowledge and livelihoods of the people inhabiting these PAs may be threatened. In at least 870 PAs, primarily in the Atlantic Forest and Amazon, adaptation could happen with little or no intervention due to low climate-change hazard, high resilience status, or both. At least 20 PAs in the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Amazonia should be targeted for stronger interventions (e.g., improvement of ecological connectivity), given their low resilience status. Despite being a first attempt to link vulnerability and adaptation in Brazilian PAs, we suggest that some of the PAs identified as highly or moderately vulnerable should be prioritized for testing potential adaptation strategies in the near future.