超声辐照-活性污泥联合处理焦化废水

选取昆明焦化制气厂的实际焦化废水为处理对象,用水质模型对超声辐照-活性污泥法处理焦化废水中有机物的降解进行了研究.实验结果表明,焦化废水初始浓度、曝气方式和声能密度对焦化废水中COD_Cr的降解效果影响显著.对初始浓度为807mg/L的实际焦化废水,选择空气作为曝气气体,向废水中曝气而不超声时,废水中COD_Cr降解率仅为4.5%;在声能强度为119.4kW/m²条件下,超声时其降解率可达65%;采用超声辐照-活性污泥法联合处理焦化废水COD_Cr,与单独采用活性污泥法相比,废水的COD_Cr降解率可由单独采用活性污泥法的45%提高至81%;经超声波预处理后的废水,加活性污泥后,其耗氧速率有明显的降低,说明经超声波预处理后的焦化废水对生物无毒性.  

Degradation of pyrene by immobilized microorganisms in saline-alkaline soil

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very difficult in saline-alkaline soil due to the inhibition of microbial growth under saline-alkaline stress. The microorganisms that can most effectively degrade PAHs were screened by introducing microorganisms immobilized on farm byproducts and assessing the validity of the immobilizing technique for PAHs degradation in pyrene-contaminated saline-alkaline soil. Among the microorganisms examined, it was found that Mycobacterium sp. B2 is the best, and can degrade 82.2% and 83.2% of pyrene for free and immobilized cells after 30 days of incubation. The immobilization technique could increase the degradation of pyrene significantly, especially for fungi. The degradation of pyrene by the immobilized microorganisms Mucor sp. F2, fungal consortium MF and co-cultures of MB+MF was increased by 161.7% (P < 0.05), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% (P < 0.05) after 30 days, respectively, when compared with free F2, MF and MB+MF. Scanning electron micrographs of the immobilized microstructure proved the positive effects of the immobilized microbial technique on pyrene remediation in saline-alkaline soil, as the interspace of the carrier material structure was relatively large, providing enough space for cell growth. Co-cultures of different bacterial and fungal species showed different abilities to degrade PAHs. The present study suggests that Mycobacterium sp. B2 can be employed for in situ bioremediation of PAHs in saline-alkaline soil, and immobilization of fungi on farm byproducts and nutrients as carriers will enhance fungus PAH-degradation ability in saline-alkaline soil.  

弹性填料表面亲水性对厌氧生化过程的影响研究

通过在普通塑料中添加水溶性高分子物进行亲水性改进，制得表面亲水的弹性塑料填料，并通过实验验证了新型填料的亲水性。填料表面的亲水性改进了微生物在其表面的吸附能力，新型填料与普通填料实验室的应用对比研究结果表明：亲水性改进的弹性填料在污水的厌氧处理中可提高污水的厌氧处理效率15％～30％，且亲水性改进大大提高了弹性填料的抗冲击负荷能力，此填料的工业应用结果也表明亲水性提高了填料的应用性能。  

Photocatalytic degradation of phenanthrene on soil surfaces in the presence of nanometer anatase TiO2 under UV-light

The effect of nanometer anatase TiO₂ was investigated on the photocatalytic degradation of phenanthrene on soil surfaces under a variety of conditions. After being spiked with phenanthrene, soil samples loaded with different amounts of TiO₂ (0 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 3 wt.%, and 4 wt.%) were exposed to UV-light irradiation for 25 hr. The results indicated that the photocatalytic degradation of phenanthrene followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. TiO₂ significantly accelerated the degradation of phenanthrene with the half-life reduced from 45.90 to 31.36 hr for TiO₂ loading of 0 wt.% and 4 wt.%, respectively. In addition, the effects of H₂O₂, light intensity and humic acid on the degradation of phenanthrene were investigated. The degradation of phenanthrene increased with the concentration of H₂O₂, light intensity and the concentration of humic acids. It has been demonstrated that the photocatalytic method in the presence of nanometer anatase TiO₂ was a very promising technology for the treatments of soil polluted with organic substances in the future.  

云南临沧盆地地下水环境脆弱性评价

地下水脆弱性研究是合理开发利用和保护地下水资源的有效技术措施。本文根据临沧盆地水文地质条件,应用美国环保署(USEPA)的地下水脆弱性DRASTIC评价方法,考虑地下水位埋深、含水层净补给量、含水层介质、土壤包气带、地形地貌、包气带介质和水力传导系数等7个评价因子,结合GIS技术,对该区的地下水脆弱性进行了评价。结果表明,临沧盆地地下水脆弱性高区为主城区和主要农田分布区,要严格控制工业废水、生活污水的排放量和农药、化肥的施用量,防止地下水受到污染,确保地下水资源的可持续开发利用。  

Removal of high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil by biodiesel

Solubilizing experiments were carried out to evaluate the ability of biodiesel to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from highly contaminated manufactured gas plant (MGP) and PAHs spiked soils with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and tween 80 as comparisons. Biodiesel displayed the highest solubilities of phenanthrene (420.7 mg·L⁻¹), pyrene (541.0 mg·L⁻¹), and benzo(a)pyrene (436.3 mg·L⁻¹). These corresponded to several fold increases relative to 10% HPCD and tween 80. Biodiesel showed a good efficiency for PAH removal from the spiked and MGP soils for both low molecular weight and high molecular weight PAHs at high concentrations. Biodiesel was the best agent for PAH removal from the spiked soils as compared with HPCD and tween 80; as over 77.9% of individual PAH were removed by biodiesel. Tween 80 also showed comparable capability with biodiesel for PAH solubilization at a concentration of 10% for the spiked soils. Biodiesel solubilized a wider range of PAHs as compared to HPCD and tween 80 for the MPG soils. At PAH concentrations of 229.6 and 996.9 mg·kg⁻¹, biodiesel showed obvious advantage over the 10% HPCD and tween 80, because it removed higher than 80% of total PAH. In this study, a significant difference between PAH removals from the spiked and field MGP soils was observed; PAH removals from the MGP soil by HPCD and tween 80 were much lower than those from the spiked soil. These results demonstrate that the potential for utilizing biodiesel for remediation of highly PAH-contaminated soil has been established.  

大型采石废弃地弃渣边坡稳定技术设计研究

近年来,采石场大面积弃渣边坡无防护堆积和坡面水土流失等问题严重.文章基于"蓄水范式"理念,以山阴县小娘娘山采石场为例,采用理论研究与实用施工技术相结合的方法,提出一套因地制宜的弃渣边坡稳定技术,该技术包括蓄水稳定技术设计和配套措施设计,以研究区内的一处弃渣边坡为示范点进行了实际设计和施工.结果表明,弃渣边坡稳定技术能有效提高弃渣边坡的稳定性和蓄水能力,施工方便、成本低,在实际工程中具有广泛地推广性.