天津市基于新标准的空气质量预报模型效果评估

利用2015年环境空气质量监测数据,对天津市OPAQ空气质量统计预报模型预测效果进行验证评估。结果表明,模型对天津市AQI和PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、O_3、NO——2的预测结果与实测结果具有较好的趋势一致性,且预测时间越临近,拟合度越好,24 h预报的相关系数r全部达到0.8以上。对PM_(2.5)的预报性能明显优于PM_(10)、O_3和NO_2,PM_(2.5)平均值预测略呈正偏差,但重污染预测值偏低约15%;O_3和NO_2预测值呈明显负偏差,O_3峰值预测不足,NO_2预测值整体偏低,均以24 h预报趋势性最好,但负偏差最为突出。     

人工湿地生态系统污水净化研究进展

人工湿地作为近 2 0年来发展起来的一种传统污水处理技术的一种廉价的替代方案 ,越来越受到世界各国的普遍重视。在分析中 ,详细介绍了人工湿地的概念、组成、基本的结构设计类型及其在污水净化中的应用领域和应用前景 ,同时详细论述了影响人工湿地污水净化效率的各种影响因素和制约条件及其各种影响因素之间的相互关系 ,并对今后研究的方向进行了展望 ,为人工湿地污水净化技术的应用研究提供了有益的参考。     

粘土防渗尾矿库地震永久位移数值模拟

我国目前的防渗尾矿库数量越来越多,但对其动力分析相对较少。结合工程实际,使用FLAC2D软件建立了有限差分数值模型,对采用粘土垫层防渗的尾矿库进行二维地震动力响应分析,并将计算得到的坝顶最大水平位移与传统简化方法的计算结果进行了对比分析。计算结果表明,由于数值分析考虑了尾矿坝对地震波的放大效应,通过有限差分数值模型计算的水平位移比简化方法的计算结果大60%。参数分析表明:防渗垫层的抗剪强度对于尾矿库动力响应影响较大,其虽有一定隔震作用,使得防渗层上部的最大水平加速度低于其下部的最大水平加速度约5%~30%,但随着防渗垫层抗剪强度的降低,尾矿库的失稳模式由经过尾矿内部的圆弧形滑动向经过防渗层的楔形滑动转变,尾矿库的屈服加速度显著降低,永久水平位移从小于5cm增加到近70cm,可能造成震陷等灾害。该分析方法和结果对于地震区防渗尾矿库工程的设计有一定的参考价值。     

气态污染物的生物净化技术及应用

生物法净化废气通常可分为生物洗涤,生物过滤及生物滴滤等几种形式,不同组成及浓度的废气有其各自合适的生物净化方式,与传统的吸收,吸附及焚烧法相比,生物法净化废气具有费用低,无二次污染等特点。     

大亚湾拟菱形藻(Pseudon-itzschiaspp.)种群的季节变化与环境因子的关系

1997年7月至1998年6月期间, 对大亚湾海域拟菱形藻种群的季节变化及其与环境因子之间的关系进行研究.高密度的拟菱形藻出现的温度、盐度范围分别在25.0～30.0℃和28.40‰～31.30‰.该水域N、Si含量丰富, P含量偏低, 通常情况下, P成为拟菱形藻生长的限制因子, 而春季高峰期中, 拟菱形藻的消退主要可能与N的迅速耗尽有关.N、Si、P三种营养盐之间比值的变化亦是影响拟菱形藻生长的重要原因, 拟菱形藻高密度出现的N∶P、Si∶P、Si∶N范围分别是6.21～32.98、596.7～119.71、3.36～17.89.     

条斑紫菜中磷和钙的亚细胞分布及其与富集砷的关系

研究条斑紫菜中磷和钙的亚细胞分布,并探讨其与条斑紫菜富集砷的关系。结果表明:条斑紫菜吸收磷、钙主要分布在细胞壁组分中,平均占总磷含量的53.9%,占总钙含量的61.25%,其次为细胞液。与对照组相比(砷暴露浓度0.5 mg·L^-1),在添加磷浓度为0.1 mg·L^-1和1.0 mg·L^-1处理组中,条斑紫菜中磷、砷之间呈现协同效应;当添加磷浓度为5.0 mg·L^-1和10.0 mg·L^-1时,条斑紫菜中磷、砷之间则呈现拮抗作用,砷的富集量分别比照组下降61.37%和72.73%。经添加钙液暴露过的条斑紫菜,当钙暴露浓度为1 000 mg·L^-1时其对砷的富集量比对照组减少15.51%。可知,5.0 mg·L^-1磷处理条斑紫菜,条斑紫菜对砷的富集受到明显的抑制。     

哈尔滨市城乡居民生活消费的环境压力分析

论文用生态足迹理论和方法,定量研究哈尔滨市城乡居民食物、生活用品、生活用能、水资源、住区和生活污染等6类消费项的环境压力,为引导城市化发展和城乡居民建立可持续消费模式提供科学依据。结果显示,1985～2003年哈尔滨市人均生活消费的环境压力不断增大,并在此期间超过生态承载力,产生生态赤字。城镇居民生活消费及各分项足迹均大于农村居民,差距呈加大趋势。在消费构成上,城镇和农村居民的食物消费足迹最大,2003年两者分别为1.054hm²/人和0.711hm²/人,城镇人均动物性食物消费数量显著大于农村,是其食物足迹较大的主要原因;在生态空间占用上,耕地占用面积最大,城乡居民分别为0.947hm²/人和0.700hm²/人,分别占其总足迹的58.7%和73.4%。研究表明,城镇化发展和消费升级将进一步加大区域环境压力。     

Identification of river water quality using the fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach.

Proper identification of water quality conditions in a river system based on limited observations is an essential task for meeting the goals of environmental management. Various classification methods have been used for estimating the changing status and usability of surface water in river basins. However, a discrepancy frequently arises from the lack of a clear distinction between each water utilisation mode, the uncertainty in the quality criteria employed and the vagueness or fuzziness embedded in the decision-making output values. Owing to inherent imprecision, difficulties always exist in some conventional methodologies when describing integrated water quality conditions with respect to various chemical constituents, biological aspects, nutrients, and aesthetic qualities. This paper presents a comparative study using three fuzzy synthetic evaluation techniques to assess water quality conditions in comparison to the outputs generated by conventional procedures such as the Water Quality Index (WQI). Based on a set of data collected at seven sampling stations, a case study for the Tseng-Wen River system in Taiwan was used to demonstrate their application potential. The findings clearly indicate that the techniques may successfully harmonise inherent discrepancies and interpret complex conditions. A further, newly developed fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach described in this paper might also be useful for verifying water quality conditions for the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program and be helpful for constructing an effective water quality management strategy.     

Impact of roadside noise barriers on particle size distributions and pollutants concentrations near freeways

Increasing epidemiological evidence has established an association between a host of adverse health effects and exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and co-pollutants, especially those emitted from motor vehicles. Although PM and their co-pollutants dispersion profiles near the open freeway have been extensively characterized by means of both experimental measurements and numerical simulations in recent years, such investigations near freeways with roadside barriers have not been well documented in the literature. A few previous studies suggested that the presence of roadside structures, such as noise barriers and vegetation, may impact the decay of pollutant concentrations downwind of the freeway by limiting the initial dispersion of traffic emissions and increasing their vertical mixing due to the upward deflection of airflow. Since the noise barriers are now common roadside features of the freeways, particularly those running through populated urban areas, it is pertinent to investigate the impact of their presence on the particles and co-pollutants concentrations in areas adjacent to busy roadways. This study investigated two highly trafficked freeways (I-710 and I-5) in Southern California, with two sampling sites for each freeway, one with and the other without the roadside noise barriers. Particle size distributions and co-pollutants concentrations were measured in the immediate proximity of freeways and at different distances downwind of the freeways. The results showed the formation of a “concentration deficit” zone in the immediate vicinity of the freeway with the presence of roadside noise barrier, followed by a surge of pollutant concentrations further downwind at 80–100 m away from freeway. The particle and co-pollutants concentrations reach background levels at farther distances of 250–400 m compared to 150–200 m at the sites without roadside noise barriers.     

Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies between short-term exposure to ambient carbon monoxide and non-accidental,cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality in China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Although a growing number of original epidemiological studies imply a link between ambient pollution exposure and mortality risk, the findings...