Quinone-mediated decolorization of sulfonated azo dyes by cells and cell extracts from Sphingomonas xenophaga

The effects of various quinone compounds on the decolorization rates of sulfonated azo dyes by Sphingomonas xenophaga QYY were investigated. The results showed that anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS) was the most effective redox mediator and AQS reduction was the rate-limited step of AQS-mediated decolorization of sulfonated azo dyes. Based on AQS biological toxicity tests, it was assumed that AQS might enter the cells to kill them. In the cytoplasmic extracts from strain QYY, AQS effectively increased decolorization rates of sulfonated azo dyes than other quinone compounds. In addition, we found a NADH/FMN-dependent AQS reductase using nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native-PAGE).     

Influence of temperature on the characteristics of aerobic granulation in sequencing batch airlift reactors

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in sequencing batch airlift reactors(SBAR) at 25,30,and 35°C,respectively.The effect of temperature on the granules characteristics was analyzed and the microbial community structures of the granules were probed using scanning electron microscope(SEM) and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that 30°C is optimum for matured granule cultivation,where the granules had a more compact structure,better settling abili...     

短程硝化工艺出水水质及微生物区系分析

实验采用短程硝化工艺处理高氨氮废水,并用PCR-DGGE分析了系统中的微生物区系。结果表明,进水氨氮浓度在50～400mg/L之间梯度增加时,出水氨氮浓度在10mg/L以下;随着氨氮浓度的增加,亚硝态氮积累率逐渐升高,当氨氮浓度达到300mg/L时,积累率达到90%左右。DGGE分析结果表明,随着运行时间的延长,微生物区系多样性减少;氨氮负荷为50mg/L与400mg/L相比,相似性为0.24。     

蚯蚓对城市污泥中铅的富集作用

根据蚯蚓能提高土壤自净能力并对重金属有富集作用的生物学特性,研究了在不同浓度梯度下重金属铅(Pb)对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应和蚯蚓对污泥中重金属Pb的富集效应.结果表明:在Pb浓度为3 000 mg/kg以下时,蚯蚓未出现明显的毒性效应,说明蚯蚓对重金属有一定的耐受性;当Pb浓度达到3 500mg/kg时,供试组蚯蚓全部死亡,说明蚯蚓对Pb的耐受性有一定的限度;蚯蚓对Pb 有较强的富集能力,其富集程度随污泥中Pb浓度的增加而增加,并呈现较好的线性关系.     

直流电场对根际土壤微生物群落的影响及其机理

电场作用下根际土壤微生物群落的变化与利用电场强化植物修复效率密切相关.文章利用改进的PCR-DGGE(多聚酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳)方法,研究了不同电场条件下根际土壤微生物群落多样性和相似性的变化,分析了直流电场对土壤微生物群落的影响机理.结果表明,电场对根际土壤微生物群落的影响与电场条件有关,合适的电场条件有助于增加土壤微生物群落的多样性,但是电场形式、强度和施加方式不当则会使土壤微生物群落的多样性和结构受到明显影响.电场作用下土壤性质的变化、电场对土壤微生物的迁移作用和致死效应、以及微生物对环境压力的生理响应等是电场影响土壤微生物群落的主要机制.为了避免电场对根际土壤微生物的不利影响,利用电场强化植物修复时需要采用合适的电场条件.     

基于引物的湖泊沉积物氨氧化细菌PCR扩增策略比较

PCR扩增是检测环境中β-变形杆菌纲氨氧化细菌(β-AOB)群落的主要方法,但是引物的敏感性和特异性对结果具有关键影响.本研究首先比较了2组常用的β-AOB 16S rRNA基因引物,结果显示,在扩增一组不同性质湖泊沉积物样品时,βAMO引物均获得明亮的单一条带,但CTO引物则未能全部扩增.克隆及序列分析证实,βAMO引物扩增获得的序列均不属于β-AOB所在的Nitrosomonadales目,而CTO引物扩增获得的序列来自β-AOB中的Nitrosomonas europaea/"Nitrosococcus mobilis"分支.采用变性梯度凝胶电泳方法,对4种不同引物组合PCR策略扩增所得产物进行分析,发现以βAMO或16S rRNA通用引物结合CTO引物的巢式方案可以提高扩增的效率,且β-AOB的群落轮廓与CTO引物直接扩增方案高度相似.这些结果表明βAMO引物具有较高的敏感性但特异性较低,而CTO引物则相反.因此,特定巢式扩增方案既可提高扩增的效率,也能真实反映湖泊沉积物中β-AOB的群落轮廓,是较为理想的β-AOB研究方法.     

人工快速渗滤系统中硝化菌群脱氮作用解析

 采用16S rDNA 的变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术研究人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)中硝化菌群(氨氧化菌和亚硝酸氧化菌)的空间分布规律.结果表明,采用机械破壁、酚氯仿抽提和巢式PCR 的方法处理样品,为后续的DGGE 提供了理想的模板;DGGE 图谱显示,氨氧化菌种群随着滤层深度的增加先增多后减少,在20~60cm 存在10 种左右,多样性最丰富,是亚硝化作用的主要区域;亚硝酸氧化菌的多样性则相对贫瘠,主要分布在50cm 及更深的范围,优势种群3~4 种,是硝化作用的主要场所.     

不同终点检测5种双酚A类化合物对MCF-7的细胞毒性

双酚A(BPA)及其类似物作为聚碳酸酯的主要合成原料,一直是环境污染的重要问题.其雌激素效应是当今科学研究的重点,而毒性效应研究甚少.为评估环境中BPA类物质的毒性效应,实验采用四唑盐(MTS)比色法检测5种双酚A类化合物对人雌激素受体缺失乳腺癌细胞MCF-7(ER-)增殖活性的影响,2,4-二硝基苯肼法检测细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)露出率,单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)检测DNA损伤.用非线性最小二乘法对MTS实验结果拟合剂量-效应曲线,表明所有的剂量-效应曲线(DRC)均能用Weibull或者Logit函数有效表征.以模型估算的半数效应浓度负对数值(pEC50)评估5种化合物的毒性大小依次为:BPB>BPC>TDP>BPE>BPA.LDH检测以及SCGE检测受试化合物对MCF-7(ER-)的损伤作用表明,在效应浓度EC20下,细胞核DNA轻微损伤,细胞增殖受轻微抑制;在效应浓度EC40下,细胞核DNA损伤严重,细胞增殖受到显著抑制,从而导致细胞膜通透性显著改变,使LDH大量露出.     

Effect of a high strength chemical industry wastewater on microbial community dynamics and mesophilic methane generation

A high strength chemical industry wastewater was assessed for its impact on anaerobic microbial com- munity dynamics and consequently mesophilic methane generation. Cumulative methane production was 251 mL/g total chemical oxygen demand removed at standard temperature and pressure at the end of 30 days experimental period with a highest recorded methane percentage of 80.6% of total biogas volume. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） analysis revealed that acetic acid was the major intermediate VFAs produced with propionic acid accumulating over the experimental period. Quantitative analysis of microbial communities in the test and control groups with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction highlighted that in the test group, Eubacteria （96.3%） was dominant in comparison with methanogens （3.7%）. The latter were dominated by Methanomicrobiales and Methanobacteriales while in test groups increased over the experimental period, reaching a maximum on day 30. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile was performed, targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Eubacteria and Archaea, with the DNA samples extracted at 3 different time points from the test groups. A phylogenetic tree was constructed for the sequences using the neighborhood joining method. The analysis revealed that the presence of organisms resembling Syntrophomonadaceae could have contributed to increased production of acetic and propionic acid intermediates while decrease of organisms resembling Pelotomaculum sp. could have most likely contributed to accumulation of propionic acid. This study suggested that the degradation of organic components within the high strength industrial wastewater is closely linked with the activity of certain niche microbial communities within eubacteria and methanogens.     

降解纤维素产甲烷的四菌复合系

自然环境中通常是微生物群落协同完成纤维素的降解,构建可降解纤维素的混菌体系是认识微生物相互作用的关键.利用富集培养法,结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)指纹检测技术以及厌氧滚管技术,建立了一种筛选简单降解纤维素产甲烷复合菌系的方法.利用此方法从青藏高原若尔盖高寒湿地分离到一个由4株菌构成的降解纤维素产甲烷的稳定菌系.结果表明,该复合菌系由纤维素水解菌Clostridium glycolicum、非纤维素水解菌Trichococcus flocculiformis和Parabacteroides merdae、产甲烷古菌Methanobacterium subterraneum等具有不同功能的4种菌株组成,且在这4株菌的共同作用下可将纤维素直接转化为CH4.该简单复合系的获得为今后纤维素转化甲烷复合菌系的代谢控制和遗传改造提供了一个平台.