虹鳟鱼鳃及肝脏多种CYP1基因表达模式作为生物标志物监测海河水污染状况

以虹鳟鱼为受试生物,以鳃与肝脏多种CYP1基因为生物标志物,在天津境内开展了野外监测实验,分析多种CYP1转录物的表达量变化及它们在不同监测位点的表达模式.实验通过鱼类吊网在特定水域进行野外监测.结果表明,葛沽与海河入海口的6种CYP1基因表达模式很相近,但表达量不同,表明两地的污染成分相近似但水中污染物负荷不同.除了在马厂减河外,CYP1C1/C3在葛沽与入海口受到明显诱导作用,表明马厂减河中存在的污染物种类不同于其它监测位点.因此,利用虹鳟鱼鳃与肝脏中多种CYP1基因表达模式作为生物标志物监测污染物有着很好的前景,不仅可以作为研究环境污染物对水环境和鱼类健康影响的重要手段,还可以为进一步解释化学混合物成分与多种生物反应之间关系提供理论基础.     

应用BLM模型预测我国主要河流中Cu的生物毒性

应用BLM模型对我国5条主要河流15个国控断面中铜的生物毒性进行预测,同时以虹鳟鱼为实验动物进行了实际水样的加标实验,得到实测生物毒性结果.结果表明,珠江、长江、淮河、松花江12个点位BLM模型预测LC50为0.13～0.46mg·L-1,利用虹鳟鱼进行的生物毒性测试结果为0.11～0.47mg·L-1,二者具有较好的一致性.对于黄河流域的3个点位,预测结果为0.42～1.00mg·L-1,实测结果为0.21～0.33mg·L-1,二者差距较大.根据预测结果与测试结果得到的水效应比(WER)范围分别为3.3～11.8与3.3～11.5(黄河流域,WERs值范围分别为10.5～25.0与5.3～8.3),均大于1.该研究提示,中国主要河流水系由于水化学条件不同,即使在相同的总Cu浓度下,所表现的毒性亦有很大差别;利用BLM模型和河流主要水质参数,则可以预测Cu的毒性.根据BLM模型获得的Cu的WERs值,将是制订中国流域水质标准的重要依据.     

三文鱼的命运

在美国的华盛顿州,有一条宽阔而美丽的艾尔华河,在这条欢快而清澈的河水里,生长着成千上万条三文鱼,它们世代繁衍,过着无忧无虑的生活。 在艾尔华河中,每年有六种从太平洋迁居过来的三文鱼以及虹鳟。这些普通的三文鱼,长到成年后,一般体长80-150厘米,重约5—20磅;而虹鳟鱼的体形则小得多,一般只有0．5磅重。     

In vitro immunotoxicity of untreated and treated urban wastewaters using various treatment processes to rainbow trout leucocytes

Municipal effluents are known to impede the immune system of aquatic organisms. The purpose of this study was to examine the immunotoxicity of urban wastewaters before and after 6 treatment processes from 12 cities toward trout leucocytes. Freshly prepared trout leucocytes were exposed to increasing concentrations of solid phase (C18) extracts of wastewaters for 24 hr at 15℃. Immunocompetence was determined by following changes in leucocyte viability and the proportion of cells able to ingest at least one (immunoactivity) and at least three (immunoefficiency) fluorescent beads. The influents were treated by six different treatment strategies consisting of facultative aerated lagoons, activated sludge, biological aerated filter, biological nutrient removal, chemically-assisted physical treatment and trickling filter/solid contact. Water quality parameters of the wastewaters revealed that the plants effectively removed total suspended solids and reduced the chemical oxygen demand. The results revealed that the effluents' immunotoxic properties were generally more influenced by the properties of the untreated wastewaters than by the treatment processes. About half of the incoming influents decreased leucocyte viability while 4 treatment plants were able to reduce toxicity. The influents readily increased phagocytosis activity for 8/12 influents while it was decreased in 4/12 influents. This increase was abolished for 4/12 of the effluents using treatments involving biological and oxidative processes. In conclusion, municipal effluents have the potential to alter the immune system in fish and more research will be needed to improve the treatments of wastewaters to better protect the quality of the aquatic environment.     

云南虹鳟鱼的产业化发展前景

分析了国内外虹鳟鱼的发展状况，以及云南虹鳟鱼的产业化前景，提出了相应的发展对策。     

Immunotoxic effects of an industrial waste incineration site on groundwater in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The discharge of organic waste from the petrochemical industry into the Mercier lagoons caused major groundwater contamination. The objective of this study was to determine the immunotoxic potential of three groundwater wells at increasing distance from the incinerator dumping site （1.17, 2.74 and 5.40 km）. Rainbow Trout were exposed to increasing concentrations of water from three groundwater wells for 14 days. Immunocompetence was characterized by phagocytosis, mitogen-stimulated proliferation of lymphocytes, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis. A significant increase in innate （phagocytosis） and specific immune response （B lymphocyte proliferation） was observed in trout exposed to water collected from the well at 2.74 km. However, phagocytosis activity was suppressed in groups at 1.17 and 5.40 km. The proportion of lymphocytes in S phase was significantly increased in groups at 2.74 and 5.40 kin, while lymphocytes in G0/G1 phase were decreased in all three exposure groups. Additionally, dexamethasone （DEX）-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes was significantly reduced in the group at 2.74 km, which suggests decreased lymphocyte turnover. Furthermore, the ratio of DEX- induced apoptosis/apoptosis was lower in the groups at 2.74 and 5.40 km. In summary, our experiments have shown that exposure to the mixture of organic compounds present in Mercier groundwater modulates phagocytosis and cell proliferation, disrupts the cell cycle and reduces the ratio of DEX- induced apoptosis/apoptosis. It is concluded that groundwater collected in the vicinity of an incinerator containment field could impact immunocompetence in fish.