同步辐射光谱技术在有机固废污染控制与资源化研究中的应用

有机固废中碳、磷、硫及重金属等元素赋存形态是决定其环境行为、反应活性及资源化再利用的关键因素.同步辐射光谱技术可以在分子水平、微纳米尺度原位表征有机固废中碳、磷、硫、重金属等元素赋存形态、结合位点、微观结构,为深入阐明有机固废环境行为、反应机制提供直接的证据.概述了X射线吸收光谱、微束X射线荧光光谱等同步辐射光谱技术在有机固废污染控制与资源化研究的中应用进展,并对同步辐射光谱技术在该领域应用前景和发展趋势进行了展望,以期为有机固废资源化再利用及其污染控制等研究提供参考.     

“木质素优先”策略下生物质还原催化分离技术研究进展

木质纤维素生物质是地球上最丰富的可再生碳资源，有潜力替代石油来生产清洁燃料和化工产品。当前木质素组分的高效利用很困难，木质素高值化是实现生物质全组分利用的关键。为实现生物质全组分的高值化利用，本文研究了基于“木质素优先”策略的分离机制，综述了木质纤维素还原催化分离的研究进展，探索了木质素脱除率、单酚产率和选择性及碳水化合物保留率等的影响因素，分析了生物质原料、溶剂、酸碱添加剂、催化剂和反应器对“木质素优先”策略的影响规律，提出了新型催化剂和反应器的设计思路，展望了木质素还原催化分离的研究方向。分析表明：单酚产率按照硬木→草本作物→软木顺序依次递减，醇水两相体系有利于木质素和半纤维素的提取与溶解以及纤维素结构的保留，酸的加入不仅提高木质素脱除率和单体收率还能促进半纤维素的水解，半/全流动反应器有效避免后续催化剂和碳水化合物的分离。     

不同种类海产品中溴酚的含量及组织分布

溴酚类化合物(bromophenols,BrPs)可以在藻类等海洋生物中自然生成，是海洋风味物质，在海洋生物中广泛检出．同时，一些BrPs也是广为应用的溴代阻燃剂或溴代阻燃剂的合成前体化合物，不仅具有生物毒性且能与多溴二苯醚、四溴双酚A、甚至多溴代二苯并二噁英及多溴代二苯并呋喃等强毒性有机污染物发生相互转化．本研究利用HPLC-MS/MS分析了我国江苏省连云港市市场上销量较高的贝类、螺类和鱼类(各3种)中，19种BrPs的含量及组织分布．结果可见，样品中共检出4种BrPs，分别是4-一溴酚(4-monobromophenol,4-mBrP)、2,4-二溴酚(2,4-dibromophenol,2,4-diBrP)、2,6-二溴酚(2,6-dibromophenol,2,6-diBrP)和2,4,6-三溴酚(2,4,6-tribromophenol,2,4,6-triBrP)，其中2,4,6-triBrP含量水平和检出率最高，在9种海产品不同组织中的浓度范围为0.512—56.0 ng·g^-1 dw (干重)(平均值(14.1±13.8) ng·g^-1     

硫和硫化物对垃圾焚烧过程中Pb迁移分布的影响

为考察单质(S)、硫化钠(Na_2S)和硫酸钠(Na_2SO_4)对垃圾焚烧过程中重金属铅(Pb)迁移分布的影响,采用ICP-AES测量重金属浓度,并选用HSC Chemistry软件模拟反应进程以及SEM观察反应后微观形貌。结果表明,硫和硫化物对Pb的挥发具有2个方面的影响。一方面,加入的硫和硫化物能够与Pb发生化学反应生成不易挥发的Pb硫酸盐,降低其挥发;另一方面,硫和硫化物的加入形成钠硫酸盐,具有助熔效果,能够降低灰渣的熔点,易于Pb的挥发。受这2个方面因素的综合影响,加入硫和硫化物后,重金属Pb的挥发率高低依次为Na_2SO_4Na_2S单质硫。同时还发现,当温度从600℃升至900℃时,生成的Pb硫酸盐逐渐分解,助熔效果增强,硫和硫化物降低Pb挥发的效果减弱。     

新型生物质活性炭烟气脱硫研究

以农业废弃物核桃壳为原料,天然软锰矿为添加剂共混制备得到的新型生物质柱状活性炭进行烟气脱硫的性能研究.采用固定床反应器进行脱硫实验,装填活性炭质量为16 g,考察了进口SO2含量、空速、床层温度、水蒸气和氧气含量等工艺参数对活性炭脱硫性能的影响.结果表明,进口SO2含量在0.1%～0.3%(体积含量)范围内时,活性炭的穿透硫容和穿透时间随着进口SO2含量的升高而降低;空速越大,活性炭越容易穿透,较佳的空速为600 h-1;最适的床层温度为80℃,过高会降低脱硫效率;水蒸气和氧气的存在大大促进了活性炭对SO2的吸附性能,最佳水蒸气含量为10%,最佳氧气含量为10%～13%.在最佳工艺操作条件下,当进口SO2含量为0.2%时,活性炭穿透硫容为252 mg.g-1,穿透时间可达26 h.     

含酚废水生物强化技术研究进展

含酚废水是一类高毒性和难生化降解的有机工业废水,在我国水污染控制中被列为重点解决的有害废水之一。分析了含酚废水中酚类化合物的种类、来源和危害,重点阐述了生物强化技术的发展历程,并对含酚废水生物强化技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

Ultrasonic preparation of nano-nickel/activated carbon composite using spent electroless nickel plating bath and application in degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol

Ni was effectively recovered from spent electroless nickel （EN） plating baths by forming a nano-nickel coated activated carbon composite. With the aid of ultrasonication, melamine- formaldehyde-tetraoxalyl-ethylenediamine chelating resins were grafted on activated carbon （MFT/AG）. PdC12 sol was adsorbed on MFT/AC, which was then immersed in spent electroless nickel plating bath; then nano-nickel could be reduced by ascorbic acid to form a nano-nickel coating on the activated carbon composite （Ni/AC） in situ. The materials present were carefully examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electro- chemistry techniques. The resins were well distributed on the inside and outside surfaces of activated carbon with a size of 120 ± 30 nm in MFT/AC, and a great deal of nano-nickel particles were evenly deposited with a size of 3.8 ± 1.1 nm in Ni/MFT. Moreover, Ni/AC was successfully used as a catalyst for ultrasonic degradation of 2.6-dichloronhenol.     

Beyond hypoxia：Occurrence and characteristics of black blooms due to the decomposition of the submerged plant Potamogeton crispus in a shallow lake

Organic matter-induced black blooms(hypoxia and an offensive odor) are a serious ecosystem disasters that have occurred in some large eutrophic shallow lakes in China. In this study, we investigated two separate black blooms that were induced by Potamogeton crispus in Lake Taihu, China. The main physical and chemical characteristics, including color- and odor-related substances, of the black blooms were analyzed. The black blooms were characterized by low dissolved oxygen concentration(close to 0 mg/L), low oxidation-reduction potential, and relatively low pH of overlying water. Notably higher Fe2+and∑S2-were found in the black-bloom waters than in waters not affected by black blooms. The black color of the water may be attributable to the high concentration of these elements, as black FeS was considered to be the main substance causing the black color of blooms in freshwater lakes. Volatile organic sulfur compounds, including dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, were very abundant in the black-bloom waters. The massive anoxic degradation of dead Potamogeton crispus plants released dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, which were the main odor-causing compounds in the black blooms. The black blooms also induced an increase in ammonium nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus levels in the overlying waters. This extreme phenomenon not only heavily influenced the original lake ecosystem but also greatly changed the cycling of Fe, S, and nutrients in the water column.     

我国24个典型饮用水源地中14种酚类化合物浓度分布特征

研究了14种酚类化合物在我国五大流域(黄河、海河、辽河、长江、淮河)24个典型饮用水源地水源水中的浓度水平.结果显示:14种酚类化合物在我国饮用水源地中的浓度在nd～213 ng·L-1范围内,浓度均值在2.44～31.2 ng·L-1范围内,浓度中位数在nd～40.0 ng·L-1范围内.14种酚类化合物中,硝基苯酚类化合物浓度最高,浓度中位数为37.9 ng·L-1,浓度平均值为27.4 ng·L-1.其次为苯酚、五氯酚、二氯苯酚(2,4-二氯苯酚和2,6-二氯苯酚)和三氯苯酚(2,4,6-三氯苯酚和2,4,5-三氯苯酚);四氯苯酚(2,3,5,6-四氯苯酚、2,3,4,6-四氯苯酚、2,3,4,5-四氯苯酚)和烷基苯酚(邻甲基苯酚、间甲基苯酚和对甲基苯酚)浓度较低.通过商值法对14种酚类化合物进行生态风险评价后发现,14种酚类化合物的风险商均远小于1,表明其对我国饮用水源地的生态风险较低.对8种已报道健康参考剂量或致癌斜率因子的酚类化合物进行健康风险评价,结果显示,7种酚类化合物的最大非致癌风险在10-6到10-4范围内,2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的致癌风险在10-6量级以下,表明其健康危害较弱.