Amoxicillin effects on functional microbial community and spread of antibiotic resistance genes in amoxicillin manufacture wastewater treatment system

This study aimed to reveal how amoxicillin(AMX) affected the microbial community and the spread mechanism of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) in the AMX manufacture wastewater treatment system. For this purpose, a 1.47 L expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB) reactor was designed and run for 241 days treating artificial AMX manufacture wastewater. 454 pyrosequencing was applied to analyze functional microorganisms in the system. The antibiotic genes OXA_(-1), OXA_(-2), OXA_(-10), TEM_(-1), CTX-M_(-1), class I integrons(intI1) and 16 SrRNA genes were also examined in sludge samples. The results showed that the genera Ignavibacterium, Phocoenobacter,Spirochaeta, Aminobacterium and Cloacibacillus contributed to the degradation of different organic compounds(such as various sugars and amines). And the relative quantification of eachβ-lactam resistance gene in the study was changed with the increasing of AMX concentration.Furthermore the vertical gene transfer was the main driver for the spread of ARGs rather than horizontal transfer pathways in the system.     

冬季低温下MBR与CAS工艺运行及微生物群落特征

研究了在冬季低温条件下,膜生物反应器(MBR)与传统活性污泥法(CAS)工艺运行效果及微生物群落特征的差异,对工艺出水水质和微生物活性进行了分析,并借助454焦磷酸高通量测序法对微生物群落组成和结构进行了解析.结果表明,三套对比工艺(MBR两套:高污泥浓度R1和低污泥浓度R2,CAS工艺R3)的出水总氮平均去除率分别为85.2%、56.1%、58.8%;NH+4-N的平均去除率分别为99.7%、99.7%、59.7%,比硝化速率由大到小依次为R2、R1、R3,比反硝化速率由大到小依次为R3、R1、R2,高浓度MBR污泥具有较好的耐寒特性和氨氮去除效果;从454焦磷酸测序结果看,相似性为97%时,菌群丰富度:R2>R3>R1,多样性:R2>R1>R3;MBR污泥微生物菌群的组成和丰度与CAS系统有较大不同;R1、R2、R3中主要的硝化菌为Nitrospira菌属,总相对度依次为:1.22%、1.64%、0.15%,主要的反硝化菌为Zoogloea菌属、Thauera菌属、Comamonadaceae菌属及Comamonas菌属,总相对丰度依次为:5.8%、4.52%、15.21%;低温环境下,泥龄长、污泥浓度高、TN负荷低的MBR系统有利于硝化、反硝化细菌累积,提升生物脱氮效果.     

苯甲酸盐厌氧驯化体系中三氯乙烯的还原脱氯特性

采用气相色谱法实时监测了厌氧条件下,以苯甲酸盐为唯一碳源的驯化活性污泥体系对三氯乙烯(TCE)的还原脱氯情况;同时,结合454焦磷酸测序和实时荧光定量PCR技术对该体系中的微生物群落结构及脱卤拟球菌(DHC)的数量进行分析.结果表明,该驯化体系在94 d内能将TCE完全去除,最终转化产物为一氯乙烯(VC),同时伴随大量的甲烷产生;体系中微生物的多样性很高,涵盖了16个门、33个纲、52个目、88个科和129个属,而且体系中约有51.2%的微生物的分类地位尚未明确,说明体系中还存在很多未知的功能菌;体系对TCE的降解过程其实就是还原脱氯菌与其它功能菌相互作用的结果,且起主要还原脱氯作用的是携带tce A功能基因的DHC.     

O池溶解氧水平对石化废水A/O工艺污染物去除效果和污泥微生物群落的影响

以实际石化废水为处理对象,研究溶解氧浓度对A/O反应器生物降解特性的影响.A、B两组反应器平行运行以进行对比,O段的溶解氧浓度分别控制在2~3 mg·L-1和5~6 mg·L-1.反应器稳定运行近半年的结果表明:在HRT为20 h时,A组反应器出水的COD(72.5 mg·L-1±14.8 mg·L-1)略高于B组(68.7 mg·L-1±14.6 mg·L-1),COD平均去除率分别为67.0%和68.8%;出水氨氮的平均浓度和去除率为0.8 mg·L-1和95%左右.出水的BOD5均低于5 mg·L-1.表明A/O反应器对有机物的生物降解比较彻底,溶解氧浓度对其没有显著影响.对O段污泥进行454高通量测序结果表明:变形菌门、浮霉菌门和拟杆菌门细菌所占比例较高,在A、B组反应器中的比例分别为58.7%和59.2%、14.7%和12.7%以及10.8%和12.4%.高溶解氧运行的反应器B具有较高的菌群丰度和多样性,氨氧化菌Nitrosomonas、亚硝酸氧化菌Nitrospira和专性好氧菌如Planctomyces的比例较高.厌氧反硝化菌如Azospira和Acidovora在反应器A中的含量较高.在属的水平,鉴定出的Novosphingobium、Comamonas、Sphingobium和Altererythrobacter属细菌具有降解多环芳烃、氯代硝基苯、农药和石油化合物的功能,有利于石化废水的降解.     

驯化对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构的影响

为研究驯化对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构的影响,在单相完全搅拌式(CSTR)反应器内,以农村户用沼气池污泥为接种污泥,进行了餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化.反应器在3 g·L-1·d-1(以VS计)的负荷下成功启动,并连续45 d维持性能稳定,表明驯化成功.期间采用454焦磷酸测序技术分析了驯化前后系统内的微生物群落结构.结果表明,微生物群落结构与底物密切相关,驯化后细菌及古菌群落都发生明显变化.从细菌群落看,与复杂有机物降解相关的菌类显著下降(如梭菌纲(Clostridia)和(vadin HA17),而易降解碳水化合物发酵菌(如Petrimonas)和脂肪降解菌(如Erysipelotrichia)显著增加.这与餐厨垃圾易降解有机物含量高,且富含淀粉和脂肪相关.丰富的易降解有机物还使得反应器内总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度((2203±174)mg·L-1)远高于种泥水平((222.0±0.3)mg·L-1),这导致了产甲烷菌由乙酸型的甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta,占85.01%)绝对主导转向氢营养型的甲烷螺菌属(Methanospirillum,占35.35%)、甲烷囊菌属(Methanoculleus,占9.89%)与之(46.97%)共同主导的局面.然而,驯化后Methanosaeta在非最优条件下依然保持主导地位,可见接种污泥的群落组成对厌氧消化系统群落结构的塑造也具有重大影响.     

UASB反应器对印染废水中碳、氮、硫的协同去除研究

采用"UASB-缺氧好氧-混凝沉淀"组合工艺对印染废水进行中试处理研究.结果发现,UASB反应器不仅可以解决印染废水可生化性低、色度高的问题,还对废水中的碳、氮、硫具有协同去除作用,优化条件下UASB可将废水B/C从0.18~0.26提高至0.4以上,对色度、COD、TN、SO_4~(2-)、S~(2-)平均去除率分别为77.0%、36.4%、38.5%、77.5%、60.1%.同时,为了探究碳、氮、硫协同去除机理,对优化条件下的运行数据进行了分析并采用454高通量测序技术进行菌种鉴定.结果表明,UASB反应器内存在硫酸盐还原、厌氧氨化、同步脱硫反硝化和硝化反硝化4种作用,从而造成了碳、氮、硫的同步去除.菌种鉴定未发现产甲烷菌,说明产甲烷菌受到了抑制,UASB反应器很好地停留在了水解酸化阶段.进一步结合小试研究得出,硫酸盐还原是促使硝化反硝化、脱硫反硝化产生的原因,同时也促进了有机物去除.总体而言,硫酸盐还原促进了碳、氮、硫的协同去除.     

Changes of microbial composition during wastewater reclamation and distribution systems revealed by high-throughput sequencing analyses

This study employed 454-pyrosequencing to investigate microbial and pathogenic communities in two wastewater reclamation and distribution systems. A total of 11972 effective 16S rRNA sequences were acquired from these two reclamation systems, and then designated to relevant taxonomic ranks by using RDP classifier. The Chao index and Shannon diversity index showed that the diversities of microbial communities decreased along wastewater reclamation processes. Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum in reclaimed water after disinfection, which accounted for 83% and 88% in two systems, respectively. Human opportunistic pathogens, including Clostridium, Escherichia, Shigella, Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium, were selected and enriched by disinfection processes. The total chlorine and nutrients (TOC, NH₃-N and NO₃-N) significantly affected the microbial and pathogenic communities during reclaimed water storage and distribution processes. Our results indicated that the disinfectant-resistant pathogens should be controlled in reclaimed water, since the increases in relative abundances of pathogenic bacteria after disinfection implicate the potential public health associated with reclaimed water.     

高效水解酸化UASB活性污泥的菌群结构分析

采用454高通量测序技术对低能耗、低污泥产量且具有脱氮效能的印染废水处理工艺中UASB污泥的微生物菌群结构进行了分析.结果表明,UASB内污泥的微生物菌种呈多样性分布且优势菌群突出,通过菌群鉴定发现,脱硫橄榄样菌属(Desulfobacula)、Levilinea、长绳菌属(Longilinea)、Candidatus Tammella、Paludibacter、索氏菌属(Thauera)、Tepidimicrobium、杆状脱硫菌属(Desulforhabdus)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、梭菌属(Clostridium)是主要的优势菌属.其中,梭菌属是起到产酸和污泥减量作用的主要菌种.另外,具有脱氮效能的原因可能是由于发生了硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化作用.通过Shannon、Chao、Simpson、Shannon指数的计算,发现该UASB中微生物较其他废水处理系统,群落结构拥有较高的多样性和丰度,有利于稳定产酸.     

Temporal and spatial changes of microbial community in an industrial effluent receiving area in Hangzhou Bay

Anthropogenic activities usually contaminate water environments, and have led to the eutrophication of many estuaries and shifts in microbial communities. In this study, the temporal and spatial changes of the microbial community in an industrial effluent receiving area in Hangzhou Bay were investigated by 454 pyrosequencing. The bacterial community showed higher richness and biodiversity than the archaeal community in all sediments. Proteobacteria dominated in the bacterial communities of all the samples; Marine_Group_Ⅰ and Methanomicrobia were the two dominant archaeal classes in the effluent receiving area. PCoA and AMOVA revealed strong seasonal but minor spatial changes in both bacterial and archaeal communities in the sediments. The seasonal changes of the bacterial community were less significant than those of the archaeal community, which mainly consisted of fluctuations in abundance of a large proportion of longstanding species rather than the appearance and disappearance of major archaeal species. Temperature was found to positively correlate with the dominant bacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and negatively correlate with the dominant archaea,Marine_Group_Ⅰ; and might be the primary driving force for the seasonal variation of the microbial community.     

Population dynamics during startup of thermophilic anaerobic digesters: The mixing factor

Two thermophilic digesters were inoculated with manure and started-up under mixed and stagnant conditions. The Archaea in the mixed digester (A) were dominated by hydrogenotrophic Methanobateriaceae (61%) with most of the methane being produced via syntrophic pathways. Methanosarcinales (35%) were the only acetoclastic methanogens present. Acetate dissipation seems to depend on balanced hydrogenotrophic-to-acetotrophic abundance, which in turn was statistically correlated to free ammonia levels. Relative abundance of bacterial community was associated with the loading rate. However, in the absence of mixing (digester B), the relationship between microbial composition and operating parameters was not discernible. This was attributed to the development of microenvironments where environmental conditions are significantly different from average measured parameters. The impact of microenvironments was accentuated by the use of a non-acclimated seed that lacks adequate propionate degraders. Failure to disperse the accumulated propionate, and other organics, created high concentration niches where competitive and inhibiting conditions developed and favored undesired genera, such as Halobacteria (65% in B). As a result, digester B experienced higher acid levels and lower allowable loading rate. Mixing was found necessary to dissipate potential inhibitors, and improve stability and loading capacity, particularly when a non-acclimated seed, often lacking balanced thermophilic microflora, is used.