典型地区农用地污染调查及风险管控标准探讨

针对《土壤污染风险管控标准——农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618—2018),提出以土壤中全量浓度筛选值和管控值作为衡量农用地土壤污染风险管控的标准,对湖南省部分稻田农用地土壤及点对点稻米样品中镉、铅、砷、汞的总量和有效态浓度及稻米中含量进行监测,根据重金属总量浓度分为低风险、中风险、高风险3组。结果显示:(1)土壤及稻米中镉含量基本为随着风险级别的升高而增加,铅、砷在土壤和稻米中含量无规律性结果,汞监测结果均为未检出。(2)低风险组稻米镉超标率为12. 0%,高风险组稻米镉达标率为33. 3%,表明利用总量浓度对农用地土壤潜在风险进行分组存在一定的局限性。(3)依据4种重金属在土壤中总量及稻米(早稻)中含量情况,对风险级别进行调整并综合判断:有58个样品为低风险组,占样品总数的68. 2%,超标率为零;有15个样品为中风险组,占样品总数的17. 7%,超标率为80. 0%;有12个样品为高风险组,占样品总数的14. 1%,超标率为100. 0%。调整后评价结果与上述标准的划分目标更接近,能够提高上述标准的准确性和实用性。     

不同浓度锌处理下水稻幼苗对镉的累积效应

为探究锌（Zn）对水稻镉（Cd）累积的影响及其根表铁膜所发挥的作用,选取Cd高累积型水稻品种中9优547（简称"Z547"）和Cd低累积型水稻品种金优402（简称"J402"）,采用温室水培试验,研究0、2、5、10、15和20 μmol/L等6个Zn浓度下水稻幼苗对Cd的累积效应,以及不同浓度Zn处理对根表铁膜生成量的影响.结果表明:①随着c（Zn）的增加,Z547和J402水稻幼苗生物量均呈先增后减的趋势,分别在c（Zn）为2和10 μmol/L时达到最大值.②Z547和J402水稻幼苗中w（Cd）均呈先降后增的趋势,分别在c（Zn）为5和2 μmol/L时达到最小值;当水稻幼苗中w（Cd）达到最小值时,Z547根和地上部中w（Cd）分别为31.65和11.47 mg/kg,J402根和地上部中w（Cd）分别为22.58和14.36 mg/kg.③不同浓度Zn处理下水稻幼苗各部位中w（Cd）均与根表铁膜中w（Mn）、w（Fe）、w（Fe+Mn）呈显著正相关,高铁膜处理水稻幼苗中w（Cd）显著高于低铁膜处理,表明根表铁膜生成量的增加会促进Cd在水稻幼苗中的累积.研究显示,当c（Zn）较低时,c（Zn）的增加会抑制水稻幼苗对Cd的累积;当c（Zn）较高时,c（Zn）的增加会促进水稻幼苗对Cd的累积,而Zn可通过控制根表铁膜的生成来影响水稻幼苗对Cd的累积.      

组配改良剂联合硅肥对Cd污染稻田的修复效果

选取湖南省浏阳市某Cd污染稻田进行田间试验,研究组配改良剂石灰石+海泡石（LS）、基施硅肥及叶面喷施硅肥对Cd污染稻田修复效果,结果表明：（1）基施硅肥90kg/hm²和叶面喷施硅肥（0.2,0.4g/L）对土壤pH值无明显影响,添加LS（2250,4500kg/hm²）的各处理均显著提高土壤pH值（P < 0.05）.（2）基施硅肥90kg/hm²分别降低土壤交换态、毒性特征浸出（TCLP）提取态Cd含量20.0%和18.5%,叶面喷施硅肥对土壤Cd两种提取态含量无明显影响,添加LS的各处理（2250,4500kg/hm²）分别使土壤交换态、TCLP提取态Cd含量降低25.8%~49.9%、26.4%~44.5%.（3）3种单一技术措施均能明显降低水稻各部位Cd含量,但降低糙米中Cd含量的效果低于3种技术措施的组合处理;“组配改良剂LS+基施硅肥+叶面喷施硅肥”各处理（JL1F1、JL1F2、JL2F1、JL2F2）使水稻糙米中Cd含量降低25.6%~70.5%.（4）“组配改良剂LS+基施硅肥+叶面喷施硅肥”的组合技术处理能显著降低土壤中Cd的有效性,显著降低水稻各部位中Cd含量,其中JL2F2处理效果最佳,能使对照糙米Cd含量从0.66mg/kg降低到0.19mg/kg,实现中重度Cd污染稻田的水稻安全生产.     

不同裂解温度稻壳生物炭对阿特拉津的吸附行为及机制

为探究不同裂解温度下稻壳生物炭的结构和性质差异及其对阿特拉津（AT）的吸附作用机制和构-效关系,以稻壳为原料在300、500和700℃下制备稻壳生物炭（分别记为RH300、RH500、RH700）,通过电镜扫描、元素分析仪、比表面积分析仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析仪等对3种稻壳生物炭进行结构表征分析,并采用批量等温吸附法研究稻壳生物炭对AT的吸附特性.结果表明:裂解温度由300℃升至700℃时,稻壳生物炭中w（C）由48.81%升至64.67%,w（H）、w（N）和w（O）则由3.22%、1.45%和34.66%分别降至0.89%、0.92%和16.29%,原子比H/C、O/C和（O+N）/C值均降低.可见,随着裂解温度升高,稻壳生物炭的芳香性增强,亲水性和极性降低,且比表面积和孔体积增大,平均孔径减小.3种稻壳生物炭对AT的吸附均可用Freundlich和Langmuir两种等温吸附模型进行较好地拟合（R≥0.948,P < 0.01）,吸附作用及非线性程度与生物炭的比表面积（SSA）、芳香性（H/C）、亲水性（O/C）和极性〔（O+N）/C〕呈良好的指数关系,大小表现为RH700 > RH500 > RH300.稻壳生物炭对AT的吸附机制主要包括分配作用和表面吸附,分配作用强度与生物炭的极性和炭化程度有关;而表面吸附作用与AT的分子大小有关,3种稻壳生物炭对AT的表面吸附除表面覆盖外,还存在多层平铺、毛细管现象和孔隙填充等.研究显示,裂解温度是影响生物炭吸附有机污染物的重要因素,在综合考虑成本和制备工艺的同时,适当提高裂解温度可增强生物炭对有机污染物的吸附作用.      

土壤调理剂对土壤-水稻系统Cd、Zn迁移累积的影响及健康风险评价

选取湖南省长沙市北山镇某中重度Cd污染稻田,研究了土壤调理剂(石灰石+偏高岭土+钙镁磷肥)对稻田土壤重金属Cd、Zn的钝化效果,以及对水稻各部位累积Cd和Zn的影响,并进行了Cd的健康风险评价.结果表明,使用土壤调理剂提高了稻田土壤p H值.Cd的CaCl_2提取态含量降低了0.9%~24.1%,Zn的CaCl_2提取态含量降低了22.5%~69.6%.土壤调理剂显著降低了水稻糙米中Cd与Zn的含量,与对照相比分别降低了10.8%~47.3%、10.3%~17.5%;土壤调理剂对水稻糙米Cd的吸收和累积的影响要远大于Zn,水稻糙米中的Cd/Zn比随着土壤调理剂施用量的增加而显著降低.研究区大米重金属Cd目标危害系数THQ值大于1,说明当地人群通过食用大米途径摄入重金属Cd存在健康风险.土壤调理剂有效地抑制了水稻植株对土壤中Cd的吸收,并降低了Cd/Zn比,使糙米中的Cd含量显著降低,从而降低了当地人群通过食用大米途径摄入重金属Cd的健康风险.     

空气颗粒物中铅、镉超声浸取-原子吸收测定方法研究

用超声波震荡方法对大气滤膜样品进行前处理,提取待测元素。研究了浸取液种类、酸度、浸取时间和干扰因素等,确定了颗粒物样品溶液制备的最佳条件,与流动注射在线富集——原子吸收技术结合,建立了大气颗粒物样品测定Pb、Cd方法。结果表明,方法快速、准确,标准样品测定回收率在97％以上,6次测定方目对标准偏差小于2.6％。     

Mulberry-silkworm food chain--a templet to assess heavy metal mobility in terrestrial ecosystems

Assessment of the food chain mobility of heavy metals inthe natural ecosystem receives more attention nowadays. Inthe present study, mulberry-silkworm food chain has beenfocused as a templet to assess the biomobility of heavymetals in soil-higher plant-insect hierarchy. Both in thecase of Cd and Cu treatments, higher mobility wasobserved in the level-1 (soil–root) followed by level-3(leaf–larva), level-4 (larvae–faecal) and level-2(root–leaf). Consequently, roots accumulated more amountsof Cd and Cu, with a limited transport to the leaves.Among the two metals (Cd and Cu) tested, in the plant,the transfer potential of Cd exceeds that of Cu. Whereasin the case of leaf–larval transfer, Cu precedes overCd. Accumulation of Cd and Cu in all the levels (1–4)tested showed a concentration dependent increase, except inthe level 4 (larva–faecal) of Cd treatment where adeclining trend was noticed.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Soil properties and crop productivity as influenced by flyash incorporation in soil

Field experiments were carried out during 1996–97at Gulawathi, Muthiani and Salarpur Villages, IARI Farm, NewDelhi and NCPP Campus, Dadri to evaluate changes in soilcharacteristics and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.),mustard (Brassica juncea L.), lentil (Lence esculentaMoench.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) byvarying amounts of flyash addition (up to 50t ha^-1) in soils atsowing/transplanting time of crops. Flyash addition in areasadjoining NCPP Thermal Power Plant, Dadri, Ghaziabad, U.P.ranged from 5–12 t ha^-1 yr^-1 in 1995–96. Shoot and root growthand yield of test crops at different locations after flyashincorporation resulted in beneficial effects of flyashaddition in most cases. The silt dominant texture of flyashimproved loamy sand to sandy loam textures of the surfacesoils at the farmers' fields. The increased growth in yield ofcrops with flyash incorporation was possibly due tomodifications in soil moisture retention and transmissioncharacteristics, bulk density, physico-chemical characterssuch as pH and EC and organic carbon content. The response offlyash addition in the soil on soil health and cropproductivity needs to be evaluated on long-term sustainableaspects.     

Pyrolysis of rice husk and sawdust for liquid fuel

The paper is focused on studying how to convert rice husk and sawdust into liquid fuel. Rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were pyrolyzed at the temperature between 420℃ and 540℃, and the main product of liquid fuel was obtained. The experimental result showed that the yield of liquid fuel heavily depended on the kind of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. In the experiments, the maximum liquid yields for rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were 56% at 465 ℃, 61% at 490℃ and 60% at 475℃ respectively. Analysis with GC-MS and other apparatus indicated that the liquid fuel is a complicated organic compound with low caloric value and can be directly used as fuel oil without any up-grading. As a crude oil, the liquid fuel can be refined to be vehicle oil.