Performance evaluation of the UV/H2O2 process on selected nitrogenous organic compounds: reductions of organic contents vs. corresponding C-, N-DBPs formations

The presence of various organic contaminants in water sources is of concern due to their direct threats to human health and potential to react with disinfectants to form carcinogenic byproducts including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids and nitrosamines in finished water. This study applied both medium-pressure and low-pressure ultraviolet light coupled with hydrogen peroxide (UV/H₂O₂) to evaluate its efficacy for degradation of selected nitrogenous organic compounds and corresponding disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. Six organic compounds were chosen as target precursors based on their nitrogen contents and molecular structures. The results showed that higher oxidation capacity resulted in better reduction of organic matters and DBP formation potentials (DBPFPs). However, insufficient contact time and oxidant doses could lead to a rise of DBPFPs in the early stages of UV/H₂O₂ reactions. A greater percentage removal was achieved for organic carbon than organic nitrogen after UV/H₂O₂ treatment, especially for compounds with complicated structure such as diltiazem. During the UV/H₂O₂ treatment, the intermediate products include tertiary amine, dimethyl amine (DMA) or DMA-like structures, which are N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors after chlorination or chloramination. Furthermore, it was observed that using dissolved organic nitrogen and DMA to predict NDMAFP could lead to biased conclusions because of the complex nature of nitrogenous matters in aqueous environments.     

南水北调丹江口水库原水有机物分子组成规律及其强化混凝处理的效能对比

以取自南水北调中线工程的丹江口水库原水作为研究对象,考察了丹江口水库原水中有机物的分子量大小和亲疏水性分子组成规律,并确定了其所适用的强化混凝工艺条件.分离试验表明,丹江口原水中有机物主要以小分子量形式存在.其中,1 000组分的溶解性有机碳(DOC)和UV254所占比例最大,分别为39.98%和39.10%,且此区间还具有最高的三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)和含氮消毒副产物生成潜能(N-DBPFP).亲疏水性方面,原水中弱疏水性组分含量最高,疏水性有机物的比例用DOC表征时超过80%.强疏水性组分含量最低但是强疏水性组分的THMFP最大,占总量的57.31%,而各组分的NDBPFP则相差不大.混凝试验表明,当采用聚合硫酸铁(PFS,4 mg·L-1)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM,0.4 mg·L-1)处理丹江口原水时,强化混凝效果最好,可实现较为有效的去除浊度(76.33%)、DOC(25.57%)、UV254(37.78%)及THMFP(23.16%).本研究成果可为南水北调河南受水区既有水厂升级改造与工艺的优化运行提供有效的理论和技术支持.     

臭氧预氧化对藻细胞及胞外分泌物消毒副产物生成势的影响

以处于对数生长期后期的悦目颤藻为研究对象,研究了藻细胞及胞外分泌物对氯化消毒副产物生成势(DBPFP)的贡献,以及臭氧预氧化对DBPFP的影响规律,即不同臭氧投量及预氧化时间对DBPFP的影响,并探讨臭氧预氧化控制消毒副产物生成势的原因.研究表明,藻细胞和胞外分泌物的三卤甲烷类副产物都主要是氯仿和一溴二氯甲烷,卤乙酸类副产物都主要是二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸.颤藻细胞和其EOM本身及经臭氧预氧化混凝后形成卤乙酸的能力基本都高于形成三卤甲烷的能力,在实际含藻水的处理中,应该更加重视对卤乙酸的控制.臭氧预氧化可以降低胞外分泌物形成氯化消毒副产物(DBP)的能力,且随着反应时间延长,DBPFP降低越多.在本试验条件下,0.975 mg/L臭氧预氧化10min后混凝,可比单纯混凝降低胞外分泌物DBPFP 31%,其中HAAFP降低52.6%,而THMFP却升高12.5%,可见臭氧预氧化控制胞外分泌物DBPFP主要原因是其可以很好地控制卤乙酸生成势.同时臭氧预氧化会使含藻细胞水样的DBPFP大幅度升高,且随着氧化时间延长,各种氯化消毒副产物生成势几乎呈线性增加.在实际水处理中,应在去除藻细胞之后再进行臭氧氧化以控制DBPFP.     

Removal of disinfection by-products formation potential by biologically intensified process

The removal of disinfection by-products formation potential(DBPFP) in artificially intensified biological activated carbon(IBAC) process which is developed on the basis of traditional ozone granular activated carbon was evaluated. By IBAC removals of 31% and 68% for THMFP and HAAFP were obtained respectively. Under identical conditions, the removals of the same substances were 4% and 32% respectively only by the granular activated carbon(GAC) process. Compared with GAC, the high removal rates of the two formed potential substances were due to the increasing of bioactivity of the media and the synergistic capabilities of biological degradation cooperating with activated carbon adsorption of organic compounds. A clear linear correlation ( R^2 = 0.9562 and R^2 = 0.9007) between DOC HAAFP removal rate and Empty Bed Contact Time(EBCT) of IBAC process was observed, while that between THMFP removal rate and EBCT of GAC was R^2 = 0.9782. In addition certain linear correlations between THMFP, HAAFP and UV254 ( R^2 = 0.855 and R^2 = 0.7702) were found for the treated water. For IBAC process there are also more advantages such as long backwashing cycle time, low backwashing intensity and prolonging activated carbon lifetime and so on.     

预臭氧与后臭氧-生物活性炭联用工艺研究

利用静态批量和动态连续试验初步研究了预臭氧及预臭氧与后臭氧-BAC组合工艺对南方某含溴离子水库水的处理效果和相应的处理条件.静态实验结果表明,预臭氧反应量在0.5～1.0mg/L范围内,在有效去除消毒副产物(DBPFP,主要包括THMFP和HAAFP)的同时,臭氧副产物溴酸可以控制在10μg/L以下,而继续增加臭氧反应量则会导致DBPFP的增加.当水中溴离子浓度达到96μg/L时,使用臭氧必须采取溴酸控制措施.连续动态实验结果表明,预臭氧与臭氧-生物活性炭组合工艺对于2μm以上颗粒物、COD_Mn、TOC等的去除均有明显的效果,可以进一步抑制DBPs的形成.     

Characteristics of typical dissolved black carbons and their influence on the formation of disinfection by-products in chlor(am)ination

● The physicochemical and structural properties of DBC were characterized. ● The effects of DBC on DBPs and DBPFP generation during disinfection were evaluated. ● The DBPs and DBPFP generation during chlor(am)ination were compared. Dissolved black carbon (DBC) released from biochar can be one of the potential disinfection by-products (DBPs) precursors in the dissolved organic matter pool. However, the physiochemical and structural properties of DBC and the effects on the development of DBPs and DBP formation potential (DBPFP) during the disinfection process remain unclear. In this study, the characteristics of two kinds of DBC, namely, animal-derived DBC (poultry litter DBC, PL-DBC) and plant-derived DBC (wheat straw DBC, WS-DBC), were investigated. The effects of different kinds of DBC on the evolution of DBPs and DBPFP in chlorine and chloramine disinfection processes were compared with natural organic matter (NOM). The results showed that the total DBPs concentrations derived from PL-DBC, WS-DBC and NOM were similar during chlorination (i.e., 61.23 μg/L, 64.59 μg/L and 64.66 μg/L, respectively) and chloramination (i.e., 44.63 μg/L, 44.42 μg/L and 45.58 μg/L, respectively). The lower total DBPs and DBPFP concentrations in chloramination could be attributed to the fact that the introduction of ammonia in chloramine inhibited the breaking of the bond between the disinfectant and the active group of the precursor. Additionally, DBC presented much lower total DBPFP concentrations than NOM in both chlorination and chloramination. However, both kinds of DBC tended to form more monochloroacetic acids and haloacetamides than NOM, which could result from the higher organic strength, higher protein matter, and nitrogen-rich soluble microbial products of DBC.