NaOH溶液吸收CO2的试验研究

为了满足国际海事组织对船舶CO2排放的要求,建立了一种针对船舶尾气CO2的循环吸收系统,利用NaOH溶液吸收CO2.NaOH溶液完成第一步吸收反应后在第二步反应中被还原,从而可以循环利用.分析了初始反应温度、NaOH浓度及溶液中的Na2CO3对CO2吸收率的影响,并计算了循环反应中NaOH的再生率和CaO的过量系数.结果表明,CaO过量系数为1.2时对CO2固化效果最佳,此时NaOH溶液再生率达79.31％.研究表明,NaOH溶液吸收船舶尾气中CO2的循环系统效率高、成本低.     

Chemical cleaning of fouled PVC membrane during ultrafiltration of algal-rich water

Cleaning of hollow-fibre polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane with di erent chemical reagents after ultrafiltration of algal-rich water was investigated. Among the tested cleaning reagents (NaOH, HCl, EDTA, and NaClO), 100 mg/L NaClO exhibited the best performance (88.4% 1.1%) in removing the irreversible fouling resistance. This might be attributed to the fact that NaClO could eliminate almost all the major foulants such as carbohydrate-like and protein-like materials on the membrane surface, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. However, negligible irreversible resistance (1.5% 1.0%) was obtained when the membrane was cleaning by 500 mg/L NaOH for 1.0 hr, although the NaOH solution could also desorb a portion of the major foulants from the fouled PVC membrane. Scanning electronic microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses demonstrated that 500 mg/L NaOH could change the structure of the residual foulants on the membrane, making them more tightly attached to the membrane surface. This phenomenon might be responsible for the negligible membrane permeability restoration after NaOH cleaning. On the other hand, the microscopic analyses reflected that NaClO could e ectively remove the foulants accumulated on the membrane surface.     

高温碱间歇式处理对互花米草厌氧发酵特性的影响

以互花米草为原料,采用中温(35±1)℃批式发酵的方式,考察了NaOH高温碱间歇式处理对互花米草厌氧消化过程的影响.结果表明,互花米草一次发酵至产气停止,单位TS产气量为263mL/g,发酵过程中出现酸化现象, pH值最低为5.17.二次发酵原料为一次发酵后的固体残余物,主要组分为可分解有机物以及一些难分解有机物,过程中未出现酸化现象, pH值经短暂下降后很快稳定在7.5左右,累积产气量在一次发酵的基础上提高了46%.互花米草单位TS产气量为383mL/g.消化液中有机酸乙酸含量最大,丙酸和丁酸含量相当.     

NaOH碱促热解磷酸铵镁产物沉氨性能研究

药剂费用过高是阻碍磷酸铵镁结晶技术应用的难题之一,通过磷酸铵镁热解产物循环沉氨可降低药剂费用.但湿法热解会生成热稳定性更好的NH4MgPO4·H2O,从而增加了磷酸铵镁热解的能耗.采用干法热解时,由于不引入额外的水分子,可以降低磷酸铵镁的热解温度.同时,在磷酸铰镁热解过程中加入NaOH碱促试剂,可有效促进磷酸铵镁释放NH4+,提高热解产物的沉氨效率,但同时上清液磷酸盐残留量也随NaOH添加量和热解温度提高而增加.热解温度为110℃时,直接热解产物沉氨效率为84％,而NaOH碱促热解产物沉氨率达到87％(NaOH与NH4+物质的量比为1:1),但此时上清液磷酸盐残留质量浓度达到2.3 mg/L,略高于GB 8978-1996《国家污水综合排放标准》的1.0 mg/L,方便废水的后续处理.     

NaOH预处理对杂交狼尾草厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

研究了Na OH预处理对杂交狼尾草厌氧消化制沼气的影响。采用质量分数分别为0%、2%、4%、6%和8%的Na OH溶液对杂交狼尾草进行碱预处理,在中温(35℃)、TS质量分数6%、接种率20%及初始p H为7.0条件下,进行厌氧发酵实验。对比了处理前后原料木质纤维素含量,探讨了不同浓度预处理对发酵过程沼气产量、甲烷浓度、p H以及产气速率的影响。结果表明,Na OH预处理有助于提高杂交狼尾草厌氧发酵的产气量和产气速率,其中4%Na OH预处理为较优条件。经4%Na OH溶液常温浸润24 h后,杂交狼尾草木质素降解率最大,比未处理实验组提高了31.2%;厌氧发酵总产气量比未处理实验组提高了31.6%。     

NaOH预处理对玉米秸秆固态厌氧消化的影响

实验主要研究了NaOH预处理对玉米秸秆厌氧消化产气量和产气效率的影响。采用质量分数分别为1.0%、2.5%、5.0%和7.5%NaOH溶液对玉米秸秆进行24 h浸泡和未浸泡等预处理,测定其厌氧消化过程中各指标的变化。结果表明,经质量分数为5.0%NaOH浸泡24 h后,玉米秸秆木质素降解率最大,为38.67%;厌氧发酵累积产气量为226.75L/kg VS,与未经碱处理实验组相比提高了38.5%。该结果提示,5.0%NaOH溶液浸泡24 h后可使玉米秸秆厌氧消化的产气量和产气效率显著提高。     

NaOH/Na2CO3共解聚铜冶炼渣及砷铅去除研究

铜冶炼渣中砷、铅的经济有效去除是其无害化的关键,而去除效果受限于铁橄榄石结构的影响.本研究提出了一种通过NaOH/Na₂CO₃碱共解聚耦合酸浸去除铜冶炼渣中砷、铅的环境友好策略,系统优化了影响碱共解聚过程及酸浸过程金属浸出效果的工艺参数,评估了处理后残渣的环境风险,同时通过多项表征手段研究了NaOH/Na₂CO₃对铜冶炼渣的共解聚机制.结果表明,在碱共解聚最佳条件下,砷浸出率为62.66%,铅几乎没有浸出;在酸浸过程中33.57%的砷和96.55%的铅被进一步浸出;最终,砷、铅的总浸出率分别达到96.23%和96.55%.处理后铜冶炼渣中砷和铅的含量分别从1002.5 mg·kg^-1和5343.1 mg·kg^-1大幅降低到112.1 mg·kg^-1和170.2 mg·kg^-1,同时,处理后残渣的浸出毒性低于标准限值.XRD、SEM-EDS mapping、FTIR表征结果表明,铜冶炼渣的铁橄榄石相被分解,并暴露出...     

New method for efficient control of hydrogen sulfide and methane in gravity sewers: Combination of NaOH and nitrite

• The combination of NaOH and nitrite was used to control harmful gas in sewers. • Hydrogen sulfide and methane in airspace were reduced by 96.01% and 91.49%. • Changes in sewage quality and greenhouse effect by chemical dosing were negligible. • The strong destructive effects on biofilm slowed down the recovery of harmful gases. • The cost of the method was only 3.92 × 10⁻³ $/m³. An innovative treatment method by the combination of NaOH and nitrite is proposed for controlling hydrogen sulfide and methane in gravity sewers and overcome the drawbacks of the conventional single chemical treatment. Four reactors simulating gravity sewers were set up to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method. Findings demonstrated hydrogen sulfide and methane reductions of about 96.01% and 91.49%, respectively, by the combined addition of NaOH and nitrite. The consumption of NaNO₂ decreased by 42.90%, and the consumption rate of NaOH also showed a downward trend. Compared with a single application of NaNO₂, the C/N ratio of wastewater was increased to about 0.61 mg COD/mg N. The greenhouse effect of intermediate N₂O and residual methane was about 48.80 gCO₂/m³, which is far lower than that of methane without control (260 gCO₂/m³). Biofilm was destroyed to prevent it from entering the sewage by the chemical additives, which reduced the biomass and inhibited the recovery of biofilm activity to prolong the control time. The sulfide production rate and sulfate reduction rate were reduced by 92.32% and 85.28%, respectively. Compared with conventional control methods, the cost of this new method was only 3.92 × 10⁻³ $/m³, which is potentially a cost-effective strategy for sulfide and methane control in gravity sewers.     

纳氏试剂比色法测定土壤铵态氮的研究

进行了用纳氏试剂比色法测定土壤中铵态氮的实验。试验表明,入射光波长在390±10nm范围内,方法的灵敏度较高;用酒石酸钾钠-氢氧化钠溶液作为掩蔽剂,可排除土壤中钙、镁等金属离子对测定的干扰。并且对氢氧化钠用量、显色剂用量进行试验,以用20%氢氧化钠溶液1.5mL,纳氏试剂0.5mL为适宜测定条件。方法检出限为0.049mg/L,定量下限为0.098mg/L。     

预处理对造纸污泥厌氧消化产甲烷性能的影响研究

采用碱(NaOH)和生物(蘑菇渣、绿色木霉)2种方法分别预处理造纸污泥,并将预处理后的造纸污泥与味精废液进行联合厌氧消化,研究不同预处理方式对造纸污泥的影响以及对后续联合厌氧消化甲烷产率的影响.结果表明,造纸污泥经过碱(NaOH)预处理和生物预处理(蘑菇渣、绿色木霉)后,污泥颗粒的结构变得紧实、平滑,颗粒间的孔隙度减少,污泥絮体中的纤维长度明显变短、污泥中的SCOD增加了35.5%~1130%、VSS降低了6%~19%、SVsludge增加了32%~192%,NH3-N浓度提高了36%~62.4%,表明预处理后污泥中的大分子物质被降解成小分子物质,且碱预处理对污泥产生的变化较生物处理大;经预处理后的造纸污泥与味精废液联合厌氧消化,甲烷得率分别为:NaOH预处理0.32m3 CH4/kg VS、蘑菇渣预处理0.23 m3 CH4/kg VS,较CK分别提高了54%~88%和12%~34%,可见碱预处理提高甲烷产率效果更明显,由于蘑菇渣预处理具有成本低、解决二次污染、实现废物再利用等优点,因此两者在预处理提高造纸污泥厌氧消化甲烷产率方面都具有重要意义.