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干洗业四氯乙烯职业危害与环境对策 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
干洗业四氯乙烯溶剂及其处理的安全问题已被认为是干洗业持续发展的评判标准。干洗过程中的溶剂残渣对顾客和生态环境都造成影响。干洗业环境广问题不仅仅是传统的职业卫生问题,而且作为纺织品生命周期的一个有机构成引起环保工作者和绿色消费活动倡导者的关注。 相似文献
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Use of tree rings to investigate the onset of contamination of a shallow aquifer by chlorinated hydrocarbons 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Oaks (Quercus velutina Lam.) growing over a shallow aquifer contaminated by chlorinated hydrocarbons were studied to determine if it was possible to estimate the approximate year that contamination began. The annual rings of some trees downgradient from the contaminant release site contained elevated concentrations of chloride possibly derived from dechlorination of contaminants. Additionally, a radial-growth decline began in these trees at approximately the same time that chloride became elevated. Growth did not decline in trees that contained smaller concentrations of chloride. The source of elevated chloride and the corresponding reductions in tree growth could not be explained by factors other than contamination. On the basis of tree-ring evidence alone, the release occurred in the late 1960s or early 1970s. Contaminant release at a second location apparently occurred in the mid- to late 1970s, suggesting that the area was used for disposal for at least 5 years and possibly longer. 相似文献
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Surfactant enhanced recovery of tetrachloroethylene from a porous medium containing low permeability lenses. 1. Experimental studies 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A matrix of batch, column and two-dimensional (2-D) box experiments was conducted to investigate the coupled effects of rate-limited solubilization and layering on the entrapment and subsequent recovery of a representative dense NAPL, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), during surfactant flushing. Batch experiments were performed to determine the equilibrium solubilization capacity of the surfactant, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), and to measure fluid viscosity, density and interfacial tension. Results of one-dimensional column studies indicated that micellar solubilization of residual PCE was rate-limited at Darcy velocities ranging from 0.8 to 8.2 cm/h and during periods of flow interruption. Effluent concentration data were used to develop effective mass transfer coefficient (Ke) expressions that were dependent upon the Darcy velocity and duration of flow interruption. To simulate subsurface heterogeneity, 2-D boxes were packed with layers of F-70 Ottawa sand and Wurtsmith aquifer material within 20-30 mesh Ottawa sand. A 4% Tween 80 solution was then flushed through PCE-contaminated boxes at several flow velocities, with periods of flow interruption. Effluent concentration data and visual observations indicated that both rate-limited solubilization and pooling of PCE above the fine layers reduced PCE recovery to levels below those anticipated from batch and column measurements. These experimental results demonstrate the potential impact of both mass transfer limitations and subsurface layering on the recovery of PCE during surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation. 相似文献
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Stable hydrogen isotopes of two chlorinated solvents, trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), provided by five different manufacturers, were determined and compared to their carbon and chlorine isotopic signatures. The isotope ratio for delta2H of different TCEs ranged between +466.9 per thousand and +681.9 per thousand, for delta13C between -31.57 per thousand and -27.37 per thousand, and for delta37Cl between -3.19 per thousand and +3.90 per thousand. In the case of the TCAs, the isotope ratio for delta2H ranged between -23.1 per thousand and +15.1 per thousand, for delta13C between -27.39 per thousand and -25.84 per thousand, and for delta37Cl between -3.54 per thousand and +1.39 per thousand. As well, a column experiment was carried out to dechlorinate tetrachloroethylene (PCE) to TCE using iron. The dechlorination products have completely different hydrogen isotope ratios than the manufactured TCEs. Compared to the positive values of delta2H in manufactured TCEs (between +466.9 per thousand and +681.9 per thousand), the dechlorinated products had a very depleted delta2H (less than -300 per thousand). This finding has strong implications for distinguishing dechlorination products (PCE to TCE) from manufactured TCE. In addition, the results of this study show the potential of combining 2H/1H analyses with 13C/12C and 37Cl/35Cl for isotopic fingerprinting applications in organic contaminant hydrogeology. 相似文献
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氯代烃类挥发性有机物在土壤包气带中的垂向迁移是该类污染物呼吸暴露风险的重要途径.为探究氯代烃在土壤包气带中的垂向迁移规律,通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究土壤包气带含水率对不同氯代烃〔TCE(三氯乙烯)、PCE(四氯乙烯)〕气相扩散速率的影响,并通过线性拟合筛选出更准确的气相有效扩散系数预测模型.结果表明,土壤含水率与氯代烃气相有效扩散系数呈显著负相关〔R=-0.89,P < 0.01,n=7(TCE);R=-0.86,P < 0.01,n=7(PCE)〕.随着土壤含水率由0.5%增至40.0%,TCE气相有效扩散系数(DT)由0.035 9 cm2/s降至0.002 5 cm2/s,平衡时间由13 h增至91 h,平衡时气体浓度由4.22 g/m3降至0.31 g/m3;PCE气相有效扩散系数(DP)由0.033 9 cm2/s降至0.001 1 cm2/s,平衡时间由15 h增至103 h,平衡时气体浓度由3.01 g/m3降至0.12 g/m3.与Penman模型、Marshall模型模拟值相比,Millington-Quirk模型模拟值与氯代烃气相有效扩散系数实测值的拟合程度更好(R>0.95,P < 0.01,n=7).研究显示,土壤包气带含水率的增加对氯代烃气相扩散有明显的抑制作用. 相似文献
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零价铁去除三氯乙烯及四氯乙烯对比实验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
文章以三氯乙烯(TCE)和四氯乙烯(PCE)为目标污染物,采用批实验方法,研究零价铁的纯度、粒径、投加量对零价铁去除氯代烃的影响,同时分析TCE、PCE两种污染物共存对零价铁去除TCE和PCE的影响。实验结果表明:(1)在实验范围内,零价铁的纯度越高,粒径越小,投加量越大,零价铁对TCE和PCE的去除效果越好;(2)零价铁对四氯乙烯的去除效果比对三氯乙烯的去除效果好;(3)三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯共存时会相互竞争与零价铁的反应位点,从而降低各组分的去除效率。 相似文献
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采用现场调查与数值模拟的方法,借助RT3D(reactive transport in 3-dimensions),对我国北方某城市局部地区地下水中的四氯乙烯(PCE)和三氯乙烯(TCE)污染来源进行了识别,对污染输入强度进行了反演,并利用Matlab中的Stepwise函数,对影响污染物输入强度的因素进行了多元回归分析.研究结果显示,研究区地下水中的PCE和TCE主要来源于区内使用有机溶剂的工厂和企业.地下水中的PCE和TCE存在天然衰减,在173天中,3个点的PCE浓度分别衰减了93.15%、61.70%和61.00%;TCE分别为70.05%、73.66%和63.66%.通过模拟识别出的4个点状污染源在模拟期间共向含水层中输入0.910 6kg PCE和95.693 8 kg TCE.回归分析结果显示,大气降水与包气带厚度是有机物输入地下水的主要影响因素.35 cm深的包气带中PCE和TCE浓度介于0~5 mg.kg-1之间.以上结果表明,区内地下水中PCE和TCE来源于地表释放的有机污染物.有机污染物一部分在向下迁移过程中自然衰减了,一部分进入包气带,然后又进入了含水层.由于本区第四系以砂卵砾石为主,所以大气降水促进了PCE和TCE向含水层的迁移. 相似文献