g-C_3N_4/C@Bi_2MoO_6复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化活性

通过水热合成法和液相沉积法制备g-C_3N_4/C@Bi_2MoO_6复合光催化剂,并采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、氮气吸脱附、紫外-可见漫反射等技术对其进行表征。研究了可见光下g-C_3N_4/C@Bi_2MoO_6催化降解罗丹明B(Rh B)的影响因素,并对其光催化反应机理进行初步探讨。实验结果表明:g-C_3N_4掺杂量为60%(w)时g-C_3N_4/C@Bi_2MoO_6的光催化活性最高;在60%g-C_3N_4/C@Bi_2MoO_6的投加量为1.00 g/L、初始Rh B质量浓度为2.50 mg/L、可见光照射150 min的条件下,Rh B的降解率达到97.90%;在g-C_3N_4/C@Bi_2MoO_6光催化降解体系中,h~+和·O_2~-是主要活性物种。     

The effect of an active steering system on city bus drivers’ muscle activity

City bus drivers spend hours driving under time pressure, in congested traffic and in a monotonous sitting position. This leads to unhealthy working conditions, especially in terms of physical and psychological stress. The aim of this study is to investigate whether an active steering system can alleviate the musculoskeletal stress involved in manoeuvring a bus. Twenty bus drivers drove a city bus equipped with the Volvo dynamic steering (VDS) support system in real traffic. Steering effort was evaluated with electromyography and with a questionnaire. Compared to baseline, VDS significantly reduced the required muscle activity by on average 15–25% while turning, and up to 68% in the part of the manoeuvre requiring maximum effort. The bus drivers believed that VDS will help reduce neck and shoulder problems, and they expressed a desire to have VDS installed in their own bus.     

基于物质流分析的钾素流动与循环研究

我国钾矿资源匮乏,自给率低,主要的使用和流动过程集中在种植业活动中.本研究利用物质流分析方法对2009年我国种植业生产和消费过程中钾素的流动和循环过程进行了解析.结果表明,农田土壤钾素平均亏损量达到50.4 kg·hm-2,大量钾素由陆生生态系统进入水生生态系统,造成资源流失.伴随降雨径流进入水环境的钾素达231.2万t·a-1,占当年化学钾肥施用量的40.97%.生活污水排放是钾素进入水体的另一主要途径,城市和农村区域的年排放量分别为67.1万t·a-1和54.7万t·a-1,占进入水环境钾素总量的19.00%和15.50%.其中通过城市污水处理厂排放进入地表水环境中钾素为50.5万t·a-1,占城市区域排放总量的75.25%.     

不同EPS组成生物膜对Cu2+吸附的研究

采用自行设计的反应器,通过调节培养液的配比对载体进行挂膜,得到蛋白质和多糖含量比分别为7:1、5:1和10:1的3种生物膜作为吸附剂,用其对Cu2+进行吸附试验,同时对吸附机理进行探讨.结果表明,培养8d后,生物膜可挂膜成熟,在C/N=12时,生物膜上的菌落数较C/N=4和C/N=37条件下多.PN/PS值越小,生物膜对铜的吸附量越高,EPS3对Cu2+的吸附量分别高出EPS1 7.37 %, EPS2 7.62%.在生物膜吸附Cu2+后,溶液中Ca2+、Mg2+、K+含量明显升高,表明离子交换对生物膜吸附Cu2+起主要作用,且Cu2+更易与Ca2+和Mg2+产生离子交换作用.当KNO3浓度在0.1~0.6mol/L之间,随着离子强度的增加,生物膜吸附Cu2+的量迅速减少,当KNO3浓度大于0.6mol/L时,生物膜对Cu2+吸附量的变化趋于平缓,说明生物膜对Cu2+的吸附同时包括离子交换吸附和化学吸附.     

芬顿试剂氧化对污泥脱水性能的影响

利用芬顿试剂调理污泥,以WC(污泥滤饼含水率)和CST(毛细吸水时间)作为评价污泥脱水性能的指标,通过分析污泥中各层ρ(EPS)(EPS为胞外聚合物)和上清液中小分子有机物质量浓度来阐明污泥脱水性能的变化.结果表明:芬顿试剂调理可促进EPS氧化分解,TB-EPS(紧密结合的胞外聚合物)破解转化为LB-EPS(松散结合的胞外聚合物)和S-EPS(上清液层胞外聚合物),大幅降低WC和CST.试验中当pH为4,w(H2O2)和w(Fe2+)均为40 mg/g时,ρ(EPS)降低了33.04%,WC和CST分别降至63.36%和28.7 s.Pearson相关性分析表明,ρ(TB-EPS)与WC和CST均存在显著的正相关性(P0.01),是影响污泥脱水性能的重要因素,而ρ(LB-EPS)和ρ(S-EPS)与污泥脱水性能的相关性较低.液相色谱分析表明,随着芬顿试剂投加量的增大,EPS等有机物分解程度增大,污泥上清液中小分子有机物种类明显增多,其质量浓度显著升高,ρ(甲酸)和ρ(乙酸)分别由原污泥的52.72、15.99 mg/L升至446.05、522.36 mg/L.     

Aureobasidium pullulans UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质培养基优化及其对染料脱色作用

对出芽短梗霉无色素突变株Aureobasidium pullulans UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质培养基进行优化,并研究其分子量大小、热稳定性及对三苯甲烷类染料孔雀石绿和结晶紫的脱色作用.结果表明:蔗糖、NaNO_3为UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质的最佳碳源和氮源,产酶优化培养基配方为:蔗糖66.5 g·L~(-1),NaNO_338.4 g·L~(-1),NaCl 1.08 g·L~(-1),酵母浸粉0.2 g·L~(-1),KH_2PO_41 g·L~(-1),pH=6.0.影响UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质的因素依次为:起始pH蔗糖NaClNaNO_3,培养7 d时产生最大酶活(94.81 U·L~(-1)),比对照提高3.85倍.其分子量小于1000 D,具有良好的热稳定性,煮沸30 min后高温酶活仍残留72.50%.粗酶液(7.5 U·L~(-1))与三苯甲烷类代表性染料孔雀石绿和结晶紫75℃反应5 min后,脱色率分别为76.3%、77.5%,反应35 min后脱色率分别达到96.3%、95.3%.     

磁微球负载硝基锌卟啉光催化剂的制备及催化性能研究

以氯化血红素为原料,制备了磁负载的硝基锌卟啉光催化剂.同时,利用热重分析仪(TG)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和振动磁强计(VSM)对催化剂进行了表征,发现制备的催化剂负载率为32.06%,催化剂为粒径均一的球形壳-核结构,具有良好的磁性.其次,研究了催化剂的催化降解性能.结果表明,磁负载硝基锌卟啉光催化剂在可见光下,对水中的双酚A(BPA)、对硝基苯酚(PNP)等均有90%以上的去除率;对于活性红染料废水的降解也取得了83.67%的降解率.自由基捕获实验证明,电子(e-)、羟基自由基(·OH)、空穴(h+)和氧自由基(O-·2)是降解反应中重要的活性物种.最后通过GC-MS等手段对降解机理进行了研究.     

2-丁烯醛生产废水对厌氧生物处理的毒性

以厌氧颗粒污泥为受试生物、乙酸钠为底物,研究了2-丁烯醛废水的厌氧处理毒性及污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的组成变化.结果表明,2-丁烯醛废水COD≤850mg/L时,厌氧颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性(SMA)几乎不受影响;当废水COD从2125mg/L提高到4249mg/L时,厌氧颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性(SMA)从70.5m LCH4/(g VSS·d)降低至9.4m LCH4/(g VSS·d);COD为8499mg/L时,厌氧颗粒污泥的SMA仅为4.7m LCH4/(g VSS·d),且废水中有毒物质表现为杀菌性毒素.随着COD升高,EPS(TOC表征)、多聚糖、蛋白质含量呈现先降低后升高趋势.三维荧光光谱结果显示,不同COD条件下EPS荧光峰数量及位置相同,分别为类酪氨酸荧光峰peak A(λex/λem=275nm/305nm)、类色氨酸荧光峰Peak B(λex/λem=275nm/350nm)、辅酶F420贡献的荧光峰Peak C(λex/λem=415nm/470nm)及类富里酸荧光峰Peak D(λex/λem=335nm/450nm),其中荧光峰peak A和peak B峰强度较强.     

改性活性炭纤维吸附炸药废水中TNT实验研究

本文研究了改性活性炭纤维对炸药废水中TNT的吸附行为。研究表明:1 mol/L HNO3改性的活性炭纤维吸附效果最好,其对炸药废水中TNT的最佳吸附条件为:吸附剂用量为0.6 g/25 m L,吸附平衡时间为60 min,升温有利于吸附进行。Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线均能较好地描述活性炭纤维对TNT的吸附,吸附动力学分析表明,吸附过程遵循准二级动力学规律。     

Assessment of Integrated Pedestrian Protection Systems with Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) and Passive Safety Components

Objective: Autonomous emergency braking (AEB) systems fitted to cars for pedestrians have been predicted to offer substantial benefit. On this basis, consumer rating programs—for example, the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP)—are developing rating schemes to encourage fitment of these systems. One of the questions that needs to be answered to do this fully is how the assessment of the speed reduction offered by the AEB is integrated with the current assessment of the passive safety for mitigation of pedestrian injury. Ideally, this should be done on a benefit-related basis.

The objective of this research was to develop a benefit-based methodology for assessment of integrated pedestrian protection systems with AEB and passive safety components. The method should include weighting procedures to ensure that it represents injury patterns from accident data and replicates an independently estimated benefit of AEB.

Methods: A methodology has been developed to calculate the expected societal cost of pedestrian injuries, assuming that all pedestrians in the target population (i.e., pedestrians impacted by the front of a passenger car) are impacted by the car being assessed, taking into account the impact speed reduction offered by the car's AEB (if fitted) and the passive safety protection offered by the car's frontal structure. For rating purposes, the cost for the assessed car is normalized by comparing it to the cost calculated for a reference car.

The speed reductions measured in AEB tests are used to determine the speed at which each pedestrian in the target population will be impacted. Injury probabilities for each impact are then calculated using the results from Euro NCAP pedestrian impactor tests and injury risk curves. These injury probabilities are converted into cost using “harm”-type costs for the body regions tested. These costs are weighted and summed. Weighting factors were determined using accident data from Germany and Great Britain and an independently estimated AEB benefit. German and Great Britain versions of the methodology are available. The methodology was used to assess cars with good, average, and poor Euro NCAP pedestrian ratings, in combination with a current AEB system. The fitment of a hypothetical A-pillar airbag was also investigated.

Results: It was found that the decrease in casualty injury cost achieved by fitting an AEB system was approximately equivalent to that achieved by increasing the passive safety rating from poor to average. Because the assessment was influenced strongly by the level of head protection offered in the scuttle and windscreen area, a hypothetical A-pillar airbag showed high potential to reduce overall casualty cost.

Conclusions: A benefit-based methodology for assessment of integrated pedestrian protection systems with AEB has been developed and tested. It uses input from AEB tests and Euro NCAP passive safety tests to give an integrated assessment of the system performance, which includes consideration of effects such as the change in head impact location caused by the impact speed reduction given by the AEB.