Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobic composting system: A review

• ARGs were detected in livestock manure, sludge, food waste and fermentation dregs. • The succession of microbial community is an important factor affecting ARGs. • Horizontal transfer mechanism of ARGs during composting should be further studied. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been diffusely detected in several kinds of organic solid waste, such as livestock manure, sludge, antibiotic fermentation residues, and food waste, thus attracting great attention. Aerobic composting, which is an effective, harmless treatment method for organic solid waste to promote recycling, has been identified to also aid in ARG reduction. However, the effect of composting in removing ARGs from organic solid waste has recently become controversial. Thus, this article summarizes and reviews the research on ARGs in relation to composting in the past 5 years. ARGs in organic solid waste could spread in different environmental media, including soil and the atmosphere, which could widen environmental risks. However, the conventional composting technology had limited effect on ARGs removal from organic solid waste. Improved composting processes, such as hyperthermophilic temperature composting, could effectively remove ARGs, and the HGT of ARGs and the microbial communities are identified as vital influencing factors. Currently, during the composting process, ARGs were mainly affected by three response pathways, (I) “Microenvironment-ARGs”; (II) “Microenvironment-microorganisms-ARGs”; (III) “Microorganisms-horizontal gene transfer-ARGs”, respectively. Response pathway II had been studied the most which was believed that microbial community was an important factor affecting ARGs. In response pathway III, mainly believed that MGEs played an important role and paid less attention to eARGs. Further research on the role and impact of eARGs in ARGs may be considered in the future. It aims to provide support for further research on environmental risk control of ARGs in organic solid waste.     

The formation of aerobic granular sludge for the treatment of real landfill leachate using a granular sequencing batch reactor at a constant volume

Leachate generated in a landfill may not be treated by conventional biological treatment due to its nature and complexity. The process of forming aerobic granules in batch sequencing reactors having features such as; reducing the settling process time and saving energy consumption and high decomposition rate have been noticed by researchers. In the present study, the structure of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) was evaluated for the formation of granules, which were subsequently utilized for the treatment of landfill leachate. The experiment was initiated by using the GSBR, containing 1200 ml with different apparatuses, to develop granular sludge, and synthetic wastewater was added to reinforcement. The selected parameters for the operational hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the wastewater (6-h cycles) included feeding, idle, aeration, settling, and discharge. Furthermore, the controlled conditions were the dissolved oxygen (DO) range of 2–2.2 mg/L, temperature range of 20–23℃, and pH of 7.5–8.3. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and sludge volume index (SVI) daily were measured at the influent and effluent of GSBR reactor. The main properties of aerobic granular sludge were identified during the research procedures, and the remarkable settling and potent, high-density microbial structure of the granules were confirmed. The mean size of the formulated granules was estimated at 7.46 ± 1.8 mm, and the volume of the biomass also increased from approximately 1607 to 4137 mg/L through the granulation process. Moreover, 98% of the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) could be removed by the formulated granular sludge, and the final-stage organic loading rate was estimated at 5.65 COD/m³/day. According to the results, GSBRs could be employed for the formulation of aerobic granular sludge for the treatment of landfill leachate.     

pH和DO对好氧颗粒污泥去除高氨氮废水的影响研究

研究使用SBR成功培养的结构紧密、外形规则,具有良好脱氮性能的成熟好氧颗粒污泥处理高浓度氨氮废水,并探讨pH和DO对其处理效果的影响,旨在为工程实践提供理论依据。通过人工模拟废水,以蔗糖作为唯一碳源,NH4Cl为氮源,将进水NH4+-N浓度由300 mg/L逐步提高至900 mg/L,相应的NH4+-N负荷由0.6 kg/(m3.d)提高至1.8 kg/(m3.d),考察pH和DO对其处理效果的影响。研究结果表明:当控制反应器pH为8.0,曝气量为75 L/h时,好氧颗粒污泥脱氮的效果最好,氨氮去处率分别为96.70%9、2.33%。由于运行过程中每隔15 min监测每个反应器pH值,使其维持在各自pH值7.0±0.1范围内。这种酸碱度环境对异养菌等微生物并没有产生抑制作用;因此在各pH条件下,COD去除的所需时间和去除率基本没有差别。在不同的DO下,COD在初始的60 min里降解速度有明显区别。曝气量为150 L/h时,COD的降解速度最快,但是曝气量过大颗粒污泥内部厌氧区被压缩,因此选择最佳的曝气量为75 L/h。     

好氧颗粒污泥培养及不同阶段除污性能的研究

以某味精污水处理厂厌氧池的厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种污泥,采用人工模拟配水,通过控制运行条件在序批式反应器(SBR)中成功培养出了好氧颗粒污泥。研究表明,该好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降性能及除污性能。好氧颗粒污泥的形成阶段的粒径为0.1～0.5 mm,成熟后的平均粒径为2 mm。形成阶段SBR中MLSS为5 000～6 000 mg/L,对COD和NH3-N的去除率分别达到了88.1%和87.6%。成熟后SBR中MLSS为10 000 mg/L左右,对COD和NH3-N的去除率分别达到了94%和97.5%。通过电镜分析可知,好氧颗粒污泥表面主要聚集了球状菌,中部主要以丝状菌和杆状菌为主,内部为无机核心。这种明显的分层现象,充分说明了好氧颗粒污泥沿半径方向由于溶解氧的梯度分布,微生物呈层状分布,这种层状分布的结构为好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化提供了可能。     

混凝气浮-好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器处理造纸厂废水

以普通絮状活性污泥作为接种污泥,在膜生物反应器中采用序批式方法培养好氧颗粒污泥,得到含好氧颗粒污泥的膜生物反应器。采用该反应器处理南昌市某造纸厂亚胺制浆法造纸废水,COD、氨氮、TN、TP去除率分别达90%、94%、93%、92.5%,出水达GB 3544—2008《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》和GB 8978—2002《污水综合排放标准》一级B排放标准。     

恶臭假单胞菌好氧降解高氯联苯的蛋白质组分析

利用固相pH梯度双向凝胶电泳分离恶臭假单胞菌以葡萄糖和Aroclor1260作为营养基质生长的菌株总蛋白,凝胶经银蓝显色后,采用PDQuest图像分析软件比较、分析识别差异表达蛋白,应用MOLDI-TOF-MS得到相应的肽质量指纹图谱,然后搜索数据库鉴定部分差异蛋白点.结果表明,获得了分辨率较高、重复性较好的不同营养基质条件下菌株蛋白的双向凝胶电泳图谱,比较分析共发现80个差异蛋白点,成功鉴定14个差异表达蛋白,包括应激应答蛋白、蛋白质生物合成、运载体和代谢相关酶类.提示与葡萄糖作为生长基质相比,菌体以多氯联苯作为碳源和能源生长时,产生应激,通过增强应激响应蛋白、蛋白质生物合成相关蛋白和相关代谢酶类的表达使细胞在胁迫条件下维持自身的稳定性与生长代谢.     

高碳氮负荷下同时脱氮除碳好氧颗粒污泥研究

在4 L反应器中,以补加葡萄糖和硫酸铵的猪场废水为基质,不接种活性污泥,加入粉末状活性炭对废水土著微生物进行预固定.通过批次进水并控制运行条件（逐渐提高COD、NH 4＋-N负荷、缩短沉降时间、提高曝气量）培养同时脱氮除碳好氧颗粒污泥,研究了该好氧颗粒污泥的脱氮除碳功能及对高碳氮负荷冲击的响应.结果表明,成熟好氧颗粒污泥为土黄色不规则球状,粒径为0.5～3.5 mm.COD和NH 4＋-N负荷分别在4.80～12.6 kg.（m3.d）-1和0.217～0.503 kg.（m3.d）-1时,好氧颗粒污泥对COD的去除率〉94%,对NH 4＋-N的去除率〉98%.当COD和NH 4＋-N负荷分别提高至15.70 kg.（m3.d）-1和0.723kg.（m3.d）-1并运行4 d后,反应器内絮体激增,颗粒沉降变差并开始破碎,NH 4＋-N去除率下降至81.6%.排出部分污泥并降低负荷继续运行,颗粒污泥的NH 4＋-N去除率可迅速恢复至98%以上.本研究培养的好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的同时脱氮除碳功能,可以耐受高COD和NH 4＋-N负荷的双重冲击.     

耐汞好氧反硝化菌的鉴定及适应汞离子的特性研究

从实验室保存的高效好氧反硝化菌种中筛选得到一株抗汞细菌并命名为X1,经生理生化特性和16SrRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonasputida).对菌株X1进行Hg2适应特性研究,结果表明,对于Hg2浓度为2、67++4、、mg·L-1的实验组,菌体分别需要被延滞12、284018、、h后进入对数期,而8mg·L-1实验组则不能进入对数期;在好氧反硝化过程中,Hg2浓度在7mg·L+-1范围内各实验组的好氧反硝化过程中NO3-N浓度变化速率、NO2-N累积峰值、pH特征点出现时刻随着Hg2浓度的增大而增大(延迟),而Hg2浓度呈现出同硝氮一致的下降趋势,并且在对数期内除汞率能达到100%.研究表明,菌株X1对Hg2最大适宜耐受浓度为7mg·L+-1,相应适应时间约为40h.在最大耐受浓度范围内,菌株X1的生长和好氧反硝化过程呈现出"被抑制-适应-受刺激"的变化规律,其中,被抑制的时间和受刺激的程度都随着Hg2浓度的增大而增大,主要表现为延滞期的延长和对数期的缩短.此外,在对数期,菌株X1的生长速率、达到稳定期的浓度和好+氧反硝化速率也都随着Hg2浓度的增大而增大,且大于无Hg2菌组.++     

农业废物好氧堆肥中氨氧化细菌的群落结构

应用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术对农业废物好氧堆肥过程中氨氧化细菌（ammonia-oxidizingbacteria,AOB）种群结构随时间的变化情况进行了研究,结果表明,AOB群落的Shannon-Weaver指数初始值为2.58,堆肥结束时为2.02,多样性整体呈下降趋势.通过对部分优...     

超声波促进好氧/缺氧污泥消化过程中细菌群落结构分析

应用基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE对超声波-好氧/缺氧污泥消化过程中微生物种群的多样性进行研究.通过SDS细胞裂解法提取不同时期污泥中的基因组DNA,采用通用引物进行V3区域PCR扩增,长约190 bp的PCR产物经DGGE分离后,获得污泥微生物群落的DNA特征指纹图谱,对条带进行切胶测序,使用序列数据进行同源性分析并建立系统发育树.DGGE图谱表明,在反应器运行的不同时期,微生物群落结构发生动态演替.5、10、15、20、25 d微生物相似性与0 d相比分别为61.2%、48.2%、46.4%、42.6%、41.7%,总细菌Shannon指数经历了一个从逐渐减少到趋于稳定的过程,这表明超声波改变污泥内部性质,导致微生物多样性的降低.UPGMA聚类分析将DGGE图谱区分为三大族群并对应于不同运行时期.测序结果表明,超声波-好氧/缺氧污泥消化中微生物群落主要为Firmicute、Genuscitrobacter、Bacilli、α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria.