改性矿物吸附剂抗菌作用

通过对蒙脱石、沸石和蛭石进行改性处理，研究了三者对大肠杆菌（E．coB）和猪链球菌（S．suis）的抗菌作用。结果发现，经过改性处理后三者对细菌的抗菌能力上升，其中以双十八烷基二甲基溴化铵改性蒙脱石（DODMAB．MMT）的抗菌效果最好，对E．coli和S．suis的抗菌率达到95％以上。研究了DODMAB—MMT在体外对E．coli和S．suis的抗菌规律，以及对土壤中微生物的影响。结果表明，同等菌液浓度条件下，DODMAB—MMT对S．suis的抗菌效果好于E．coli。介质温度、pH值和有机物浓度都会对DODMAB—MMT的抗菌效果产生影响，在一定范围内，介质温度越高、pH值偏离中性、有机物含量越低时，抗菌效果越好。低浓度DODMAB—MMT（〈25rtlg／g土壤）对土壤中E．coli和S．suis基本无抗菌作用，高浓度DODMAB—MMT对土壤中的E．coli和S．suis具有抗菌作用。     

有机阳离子型电荷杀菌材料研究现状及展望

细菌等致病微生物可通过空气、水、土壤、食物等途径在自然界中传播,易对人体造成诸如肺结核、淋病、鼠疫等健康风险。目前广泛使用的灭菌方式包括紫外线、臭氧、氯气、电荷等物理或化学方法,其中电荷杀菌因具有无组织毒性的优点被广泛使用。研究表明：有机阳离子型电荷杀菌材料相比传统的金属离子杀菌材料具有抗菌效能优异、不产生耐药性、生物安全性高等优点,其杀菌性能受分子大小、烷基链、反离子类型、电荷密度等因素影响。本文系统综述了目前有机阳离子型电荷杀菌材料的类型、结构特征、杀菌性能及影响因素,抗菌机理及应用现状,分析了其存在的问题和发展方向,为有机阳离子型电荷杀菌材料的后续研究和应用提供一定的借鉴和指导。     

Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin

In the present study, the antimicrobial and antiradical activities of 15 essential oils were investigated. The antimicrobial activities were determined by using agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against Clostridium genus and antioxidant properties of essential oils by testing their scavenging effect on DPPH radicals activities. We determined the antibacterial activity of Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium hystoliticum, Clostridium intestinale, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium ramosum. We obtained the original commercial essential oils samples of Lavandula angustifolia, Carum carvi, Pinus montana, Mentha piperita, Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Pinus sylvestris, Satureia montana, Origanum vulgare L. (2 samples), Pimpinella anisum, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Abies alba Mill., Chamomilla recutita L. Rausch and Thymus vulgaris L. produced in Slovakia (Calendula a.s., Nova Lubovna, Slovakia). The results of the disk diffusion method showed very high essential oils activity against all tested strains of microorganisms. The best antimicrobial activity against C. butyricum was found at Pimpinella anisum, against C. hystoliticum was found at Pinus sylvestris, against C. intestinale was found at Satureia hortensis L., against C. perfringens was found at Origanum vulgare L. and against C. ramosum was found at Pinus sylvestris. The results of broth microdilution assay showed that none of the essential oils was active against C. hystoliticum. The best antimicrobial activity against C. butyricum was found at Abies alba Mill., against C. intestinale was found at Abies alba Mill., against C. perfringens was found at Satureia montana and against C. ramosum was found at Abius alba and Carum carvi. Antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging activity was determined at several solutions of oil samples (50 μL.mL^?1–0.39 μL.mL^?1) and the best scavenging effect for the highest concentration (50 μL.mL^?1) was observed. The antioxidant properties were different in particular plant species. The highest% of inhibition after 30 min. of reaction was observed at Origanum vulgare (93%), Satureia montana (90.66%) and Lavandula augustifolia (90.22%).     

Bacterial colonization of the phyllosphere of nineteen plant species and antimicrobial activity of their leaf secondary metabolites against leaf associated bacteria

Summary. The scope of this work was to examine whether leaf constitutive secondary metabolites play a role in determining bacterial colonization of the phyllosphere. To this aim, we surveyed nineteen native or cultivated plant species that share a common bacterial pool in a North Mediterranean area, and estimated the size of total and ice nucleation active (INA) bacterial populations on their leaves. Large differences in the colonization of their phyllosphere were found; the population size of epiphytic bacteria ranged from 7.5 × 10² to 1 × 10⁶ CFU/g fresh weight, in eucalypt and celery, respectively. Species native in Mediterranean-type climate areas, particularly those belonging to the group of aromatic plants, are characterized by scarce presence of INA bacteria. The antibacterial activity of essential oils, surface phenolics and leaf tissue extracts was also estimated against the INA strains P. syringae and E. herbicola, isolated from two of these plant species. E. herbicola proved more sensitive than P. syringae. Of the species examined, oregano [Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link.) Ietswaart], an aromatic plant, had the highest antimicrobial activity, whereas six species showed no activity at all. Further experiments were performed with oregano and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) that represent two extremes in their secondary metabolite content. Both plants were inoculated with P. syringae. By the end of incubation, the bacterial population on bean plants was about 100 times higher than that on oregano leaves. Scanning electron micrographs showed that bacterial growth on oregano leaves was confined to sites away from glandular hairs. Results from the bacterial colonization survey together with those from the toxicity tests showed that all species rich in antibacterial secondary metabolites harbored low leaf bacterial populations. These results provide substantial evidence that leaf secondary metabolites function as constitutive defense chemicals against microbial invasions. However, the fact that species with non- or moderately active leaf secondary metabolites are not always highly colonized suggests mediation of other unknown factors, the contribution of which requires further investigation.     

金属系无机抗菌材料研究进展

主要介绍金属系无机抗菌材料。从材料的选择和合成方面,讨论了材料的特性和抗菌功能相结合的途径,归纳出抗菌材料的制备工艺的一般规律,为开发适合我国国情的无机抗菌材料提供思路。     

Ti(IV)与铜离子共掺杂的羟基磷灰石薄膜弱紫外光杀菌研究

采用共沉淀水热合成和离子交换的方法,制备了钛与铜离子共掺杂的羟基磷灰石(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2:HAP)(HAPTiCu),以大肠杆菌为目标物,研究了不同材料负载的多孔镍网薄膜在弱紫外光下的杀菌活性.结果表明,HAPTiCu在弱紫外光下具有高效杀菌效率,并远远高于HAPTi和P25 TiO2薄膜.这主要是铜离子的抗菌与光催化分解细菌的协同作用的结果.电子自旋共振(ESR)研究表明杀菌反应的主要活性物种是O2-.HAPTiCu薄膜释放的铜离子在光催化杀菌反应过程中,被光催化还原沉积在表面,导致了较低的铜离子溶出,从而保证了材料的稳定性.     

园林植物挥发油成分分析及抗菌活性测定

运用试管稀释法和平板涂布法,测定黄皮,白皮松,香榧,侧柏,龙柏,雪松,圆柏等7种常见园林植物的挥发油对表皮葡萄球菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,大肠杆菌及绿脓杆菌的抗菌活性(包括抑菌和杀菌两个方面)。结果显示,所有供试植物挥发油均具有一定的抗菌活性。对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性为侧柏=龙柏>圆柏>雪松>香榧;对表皮葡萄球菌的抑菌活性为侧柏>圆柏>龙柏=雪松=黄皮>白皮松>香榧;仅圆柏挥发油对大肠杆菌具有抑菌作用,所有供试植物挥发油对绿脓杆菌均无抑菌作用。实验证明,圆柏,侧柏,龙柏,雪松具有较强抗菌活性,是较为理想的城市生态保健型绿化模式的栽培树种。     

二氧化钛载银抗菌剂的研究进展

介绍了二氧化钛系和银系无机抗菌剂在国内外的研究现状、杀菌机理以及存在的问题,论述了二氧化钛载银改性杀菌材料的最新进展,并就其研究开发亟需解决的关键问题提出了可行性建议。     

Degradation of kanamycin from production wastewater with high-concentration organic matrices by hydrothermal treatment

It is known that many kinds of fermentative antibiotics can be removed by temperature-enhanced hydrolysis from production wastewater based on their easy-to-hydrolyze characteristics. However, a few aminoglycosides are hard to hydrolyze below 100°C because of their stability expressed by high molecular energy gap (ΔE). Herein, removal of hard-to-hydrolyze kanamycin residue from production wastewater by hydrothermal treatment at subcritical temperatures was investigated. The results showed the reaction temperature had a significant impact on kanamycin degradation. The degradation half-life (t_1/2) was shortened by 87.17-fold when the hydrothermal treatment temperature was increased from 100°C to 180°C. The t_1/2 of kanamycin in the N₂ process was extended by 1.08-1.34-fold compared to that of the corresponding air process at reaction temperatures of 140-180°C, indicating that the reactions during hydrothermal treatment process mainly include oxidation and hydrolysis. However, the contribution of hydrolysis was calculated as 75%-98%, which showed hydrolysis played a major role during the process, providing possibilities for the removal of kanamycin from production wastewaters with high-concentration organic matrices. Five transformation products with lower antibacterial activity than kanamycin were identified using UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis. More importantly, hydrothermal treatment could remove 97.9% of antibacterial activity (kanamycin EQ, 1,109 mg/L) from actual production wastewater with COD_Cr around 100,000 mg/L. Furthermore, the methane production yield in anaerobic inhibition tests could be increased about 2.3 times by adopting the hydrothermal pretreatment. Therefore, it is concluded that hydrothermal treatment as a pretreatment technology is an efficient method for removing high-concentration hard-to-hydrolyze antibiotic residues from wastewater with high-concentration organic matrices.     

NGO/PDA-DAG改性膜制备及抗污染性能研究

以多巴胺（DA）、1,3-二氨基胍盐酸盐（DAG）、氨基化氧化石墨烯（NGO）为改性剂,将氧化沉积和表面接枝法联用于聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）原膜表面改性,得到NGO/PDA-DAG改性膜,研究改性膜的制备条件及其抗污染性能.结果表明：①改性膜最佳制备条件为DA浓度1.5mg/mL,DA氧化沉积时间4h,DAG质量浓度1wt%,NGO浓度2mg/mL,NGO接枝时间1h;②改性膜的亲水性能改善明显.改性剂向膜面引入了-NH₂、C=N、-OH、C=O等亲水性官能团,使静态接触角由68.7°（原膜）下降到38.7°（改性膜）;③改性膜比原膜具有更高的机械强度.改性层改善了原膜表面应力传递盲区,使改性膜表面粗糙度由原膜的46.5nm下降到18.3nm.改性膜的拉伸强度和杨氏模量分别为22.83和376.25Mpa,比原膜提高了39.72%和13.57%;④改性膜的选择透过性和抗有机污染性能显著提高.与原膜相比,改性膜对牛血清白蛋白（BSA）的截留率提高18.64%、纯水通量恢复率提高34.08%、膜总污染率下降20.67%（可逆污染率提高13.41%、不可逆污染率下降34.08%）;⑤改性膜抗菌性能强,且抗菌效果稳定持久.改性膜连续4次抗菌测试（38℃下接触2h）的平均抗菌率分别为92.3%、88.5%、87.9%、85.6%,能有效防止生物膜污染发生,而原膜无任何抗菌特性.