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1.
Ephemeral and intermittent streams are abundant in the arid and semiarid landscapes of the Western and Southwestern United States (U.S.). Connectivity of ephemeral and intermittent streams to the relatively few perennial reaches through runoff is a major driver of the ecohydrology of the region. These streams supply water, sediment, nutrients, and biota to downstream reaches and rivers. In addition, they provide runoff to recharge alluvial and regional groundwater aquifers that support baseflow in perennial mainstem stream reaches over extended periods when little or no precipitation occurs. Episodic runoff, as well as groundwater inflow to surface water in streams support limited naturally occurring riparian communities. This paper provides an overview and comprehensive examination of factors affecting the hydrologic, chemical, and ecological connectivity of ephemeral and intermittent streams on perennial or intermittent rivers in the arid and semiarid Southwestern U.S. Connectivity as influenced and moderated through the physical landscape, climate, and human impacts to downstream waters or rivers is presented first at the broader Southwestern scale, and secondly drawing on a specific and more detailed example of the San Pedro Basin due to its history of extensive observations and research in the basin. A wide array of evidence clearly illustrates hydrologic, chemical, and ecological connectivity of ephemeral and intermittent streams throughout stream networks.  相似文献   
2.
Geographic range size is often conceptualized as a fixed attribute of a species and treated as such for the purposes of quantification of extinction risk; species occupying smaller geographic ranges are assumed to have a higher risk of extinction, all else being equal. However many species are mobile, and their movements range from relatively predictable to‐and‐fro migrations to complex irregular movements shown by nomadic species. These movements can lead to substantial temporary expansion and contraction of geographic ranges, potentially to levels which may pose an extinction risk. By linking occurrence data with environmental conditions at the time of observations of nomadic species, we modeled the dynamic distributions of 43 arid‐zone nomadic bird species across the Australian continent for each month over 11 years and calculated minimum range size and extent of fluctuation in geographic range size from these models. There was enormous variability in predicted spatial distribution over time; 10 species varied in estimated geographic range size by more than an order of magnitude, and 2 species varied by >2 orders of magnitude. During times of poor environmental conditions, several species not currently classified as globally threatened contracted their ranges to very small areas, despite their normally large geographic range size. This finding raises questions about the adequacy of conventional assessments of extinction risk based on static geographic range size (e.g., IUCN Red Listing). Climate change is predicted to affect the pattern of resource fluctuations across much of the southern hemisphere, where nomadism is the dominant form of animal movement, so it is critical we begin to understand the consequences of this for accurate threat assessment of nomadic species. Our approach provides a tool for discovering spatial dynamics in highly mobile species and can be used to unlock valuable information for improved extinction risk assessment and conservation planning.  相似文献   
3.
In the Wasatch Range Metropolitan Area of Northern Utah, water management decision makers confront multiple forms of uncertainty and risk. Adapting to these uncertainties and risks is critical for maintaining the long‐term sustainability of the region's water supply. This study draws on interview data to assess the major challenges climatic and social changes pose to Utah's water future, as well as potential solutions. The study identifies the water management adaptation decision‐making space shaped by the interacting institutional, social, economic, political, and biophysical processes that enable and constrain sustainable water management. The study finds water managers and other water actors see challenges related to reallocating water, including equitable water transfers and stakeholder cooperation, addressing population growth, and locating additional water supplies, as more problematic than the challenges posed by climate change. Furthermore, there is significant disagreement between water actors over how to best adapt to both climatic and social changes. This study concludes with a discussion of the path dependencies that present challenges to adaptive water management decision making, as well as opportunities for the pursuit of a new water management paradigm based on soft‐path solutions. Such knowledge is useful for understanding the institutional and social adaptations needed for water management to successfully address future uncertainties and risks.  相似文献   
4.
为了促进西北干旱区中小城市的快速、稳定的发展,解决该地区中小城市的水资源短缺问题,以水价作为出发点,充分利用水价格的经济杠杆作用,制定出该地区中小城市的水价。以西北干旱区中具有代表性的城市石河子为例,通过实地调研,得到石河子居民、居民生活用水情况、现行水价、居民家庭节水情况、居民的心理承受水价以及平时生活的节水意识等情况,通过分析,得出居民的心理承受偏低,现行水价仍有一定的上调空间,调价范围为1.58~2.31元/m3,最高可调至4.11元/m3。结合石河子的水价,为西北干旱区的中小城镇的水价改革、提高水资源的利用率等提出一些切实可行的建议。  相似文献   
5.
通过大田环境-土壤-作物系统Cd行为的环境影响研究,初步发现,共存元素Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn对Cd元素在土壤-作物根系界面行为的影响表现为正效应,其影响顺序为Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>Ni;pH值、粘粒、粗粉粒含量与根系Cd含量呈负相关;磷和砂粒含量与根系Cd含量呈正相关;细粉粒、粗粘粒、有机质和CEC  相似文献   
6.
干旱区绿洲土壤中重金属的形态分布及生物有效性研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
测定了Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni等重金属在不同处理土壤中的全量和各赋存形态,以及它们在盆栽试验油菜(Brassica cole)中的质量分数,并利用Pearson相关系数分析了该区土壤-油菜体系的生物有效性。结果表明,供试绿洲土壤原状土中,Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni均以稳定的残渣态形式存在;而在处理土壤中,重金属被钝化的量有限,Cd的存在形式主要以碳酸盐态为主,Pb、Zn和Ni则主要以铁锰氧化态为主。根据相关性分析,油菜根部和叶部的Ni质量分数均与土壤中Ni的各非残渣态分布系数有相关性,表明当土壤中Ni以非残渣态存在时,活动性Ni的质量分数较高,其被生物吸收利用的可能性也较大;油菜根部的Zn质量分数与土壤中Zn的碳酸盐结合态分布系数显著的正相关性;油菜各部位Cd和Pb的质量分数与土壤中Cd和Pb的各形态分布系数之间无显著相关关系。  相似文献   
7.
秸秆与氮肥配施对辽西旱区土壤酶活性与土壤养分的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过田间试验研究了玉米(Zea mays L.)秸秆与氮肥配施对耕层土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响。试验设4个秸秆还田量水平,2个施氮量水平。结果表明:在秸秆配施氮肥条件下,耕层土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及有机质和全氮质量分数均表现为随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加而提高,而硝态氮(3NO-N)和铵态氮(+4NH-N)质量分数则表现为随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加而减少,4种土壤酶活性与土壤有机质和全氮质量分数均呈显著正相关,与土壤硝态氮和铵态氮质量分数则呈显著负相关。玉米秸秆还田量9 000 kg.hm-2配施氮肥量420 kg.hm-2是辽西风沙半干旱区效果较好的技术措施。  相似文献   
8.
塔里木河地处我国西北干旱区,是我国最长的内陆河。过去50a来由于大规模的不合理的水土资源开发和人类活动,导致塔里木河在以水资源开发利用为核心的大强度人类经济、社会活动的作用下,流域自然生态过程发生了显著变化。分析了塔里木河下游地下水位下降对绿洲农业生态环境的影响,提出了保障该地区生态和经济发展的对策与建议。  相似文献   
9.
近年来,伴随着东部地区煤炭资源的枯竭,我国煤炭开采的重心逐步由东部湿润地区转移到西部干旱半干旱地区。生态环境脆弱是干旱半干旱区自然本底特征,大规模的煤炭开采一定程度上改变了当地的环境现状,带来了诸多环境问题。基于"井工"和"露天"两种不同煤炭开采方式,文章分析了干旱半干旱区煤炭开采造成的主要环境问题,并基于生态累积效应理论,分析了采煤活动的生态累积评估方法。最后,针对存在的主要环境问题提出了相应的对策与策略。  相似文献   
10.
本文以乌兰布和沙漠绿洲边缘工业化城市乌海市下风向典型新月形沙丘为研究对象,分析了新月形沙丘各部位0~10 cm沙物质、沙丘前50 m处大气降尘的粒度及重金属元素变化特征,探讨了重金属物质的来源及其与粒径的相关性,评价了重金属的潜在生态风险.结果表明:沙丘各部位沉积物粒度均以细砂为主,较对照沙丘极细砂含量增高而中砂含量减少.而降尘主要以极细砂、粉粒为主,降尘在沙丘表面的沉降堆积使沙丘表层沙物质细化.沙丘与降尘的重金属含量均为FeMnCrZnCu;Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr含量均高于背景值且发生富集.Mn、Zn含量在空间分布上呈中等变异;Fe、Cu含量在空间分布上为高度变异.Mn、Zn、Cu含量与细颗粒含量呈显著正相关,Zn、Cu含量与中砂含量呈负相关,Fe含量与细砂和中砂含量均呈负相关.Cu、Zn、Cr为人为污染因子,Mn、Fe为自然源因子,但Cr、Mn、Fe又受到自然地质背景和人类活动的共同控制.乌海市下风向新月形沙丘属于低生态风险状态,为轻度污染,需加强废气的治理控制以防重金属污染的进一步加深.  相似文献   
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