环境基准研究与环境标准制定进展及展望

环境基准是一个非常棘手且具有挑战性的科学难题,环境标准制定与修订是一项长期的、艰巨的任务。根据国际上该方向近年来的发展,对环境基准和环境标准的概念与内涵进行了论述,对过去的认识进行了纠正,指出:环境基准不等于环境质量基准,环境基准应该包括环境质量基准和污染环境修复基准2个方面;相应地,环境标准则应包括环境质量标准和污染环境修复标准2个部分。在此基础上,概述了国际和国内有关环境质量基准研究方面取得的显著成绩,列举了法国(作为西欧的代表)、加拿大(作为美洲的代表)和意大利(作为中欧的代表)在环境质量标准制定过程中的先进做法,介绍了美国、英国和俄罗斯等国家在污染环境修复基准研究与污染环境修复标准制定等方面的进展。最后,对我国今后环境基准的研究进行了展望。     

小城镇基准地价更新方法研究

基准地价评估及更新是目前土地管理的一项重要和经常性的工作。针对小城镇的土地利用特点，对小城镇土地定级估价更新中的地价样本祷点、土地级别调整、基准地价更新评估等方面进行了研究，选择级别界线修订法更新小城镇土地级别，并在此基础上探索出适合小城镇特点的基准地价更新方法。     

黔西北山区耕地重金属健康风险评价及环境基准

以贵州省西北某典型喀斯特山区耕地为研究区,通过对137组土壤-农作物协同样品中重金属（Cd、 Hg、 As、 Pb和Cr）含量进行检测,系统评价了区域土壤和农作物中重金属健康暴露风险,并基于物种敏感分布模型（SSD）反推区域耕地土壤环境风险基准值.结果表明：研究区玉米和水稻土壤均受到不同程度重金属（Cd、 Hg、 As、 Pb和Cr）污染,其中Cd为首要污染物,超标率在87%～445%之间,且玉米地>水稻田;与土壤重金属高污染水平相反,仅有3.51%和13.04%的玉米籽粒和稻米中Cd含量超过国家食品安全限量标准,重金属Cd累积能力为水稻>玉米.健康风险评价结果显示,重金属对研究区成人和儿童的致癌/非致癌风险均处于较低水平,稻米摄入的致癌风险略高于玉米,儿童的健康风险值均高于成人.研究区土壤环境基准值是基于保护95%（HC₅）和5%(HC₉₅)的作物品种安全所得的土壤风险值,玉米土壤Cd、 As、 Pb和Cr的HC₅值分别为0.67、 771.99、 40.85和609.88 mg·kg^-1     

四溴双酚A和镉复合污染对不同生物体的安全阈值

以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）、斑马鱼（Zebrafish）作为受试生物,进行急性毒性试验,死亡率、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）为效应指标,采用基准剂量（BMD）法推导四溴双酚A （TBBPA）和镉（Cd）单一及联合暴露对不同生物体的安全阈值.结果表明,在本研究的试验剂量范围内,蚯蚓、斑马鱼TBBPA、Cd暴露剂量与死亡率、SOD、CAT活性效应指标存在明显剂量-效应关系.单一暴露下,CAT、SOD活性指标最敏感,蚯蚓和斑马鱼的TBBPA安全阈值分别为0.95,0.44mg/L,Cd安全阈值分别为71.17,0.42mg/L.联合暴露下安全阈值小于单一暴露.蚯蚓、斑马鱼TBBPA安全阈值分别为0.33,0.024mg/L,Cd为6.45,0.176mg/L.     

基于风险分析的流域优先有机污染物筛查:方法构建

化学品的大量使用和排放进入水环境,对水生态系统产生诸多不利影响。因此,流域环境管理的重点之一就是如何筛查具有潜在风险的优先污染物。对于流域环境介质中污染物筛查而言,难点和关键是如何建立高效的分析方法来尽可能多的获取环境介质中的污染物信息,进而对其危害及风险水平进行判断与筛查。对在流域环境介质中污染物筛查方面具有潜在应用可能性的环境分析方法进行了综述,提出了以高通量分析方法为基础的基于概率风险分析的流域优先有机污染物筛查方法体系,并对体系中涉及的筛查基准、数据选择等关键问题进行了讨论。     

北京试点碳市场行业基准值研究——以供热行业为例

以北京试点碳市场的供热行业为例开展行业基准值研究,基于2013～2019年碳试点经核查的热力重点排放企业数据,采取4种基准线情景对北京市热力行业碳排放基准值进行分析,结果表明:随着北京市大气污染治理措施推进,供热行业燃煤清洁化改造基本完成,以2017年为分水岭,供热强度由快速下降过渡到平稳状态,适宜选择更近的历史年份作为分析的基准年,经综合评估基准线数值的先进性,行业配额的盈余程度和配额不足企业比例,建议北京市供热行业基准值取值为63.1kgCO₂/GJ,该基准值比已发布的北京市地方行业能耗限额标准严格,与已发布的北京市供热行业碳排放先进值具有较好一致性;北京市热力行业从历史强度法转变为基准线法后,通过划定统一的基准线,令行业整体配额处于不足状态,公平性相比历史强度法进一步提高,对实现全市双碳目标下热力系统重构具有积极促进作用.     

Land Development in and around Protected Areas at the Wilderness Frontier

Protected areas’ chief conservation objectives are to include species within their boundaries and protect them from negative external pressures. Many protected areas are not achieving these goals, perhaps in part due to land development inside and outside protected areas. We conducted spatial analyses to evaluate the ability of Canadian protected areas to mitigate the effects of nearby land development. We investigated correlations of national patterns of land development in and around protected areas and then examined national patterns of roads, urban area, and croplands in protected areas. We calculated the amount of developed land in protected areas and within 25–100 km of protected‐area borders, the density of roads, and extent of urban and cropland area in protected areas. We constructed logistic‐regression models to test whether development in a protected area was associated with landscape and protected‐area characteristics. Land development was far less extensive inside than outside protected areas. However, several protected areas, particularly small southern areas near small urban centers had substantial development inside their boundaries, and nearly half of protected areas had roads. The cumulative extent of development within 50 km of protected areas was the best predictor of the probability of land development in protected areas. Canadian First Nations, industries, government, and nongovernmental organizations are currently planning an unprecedented number of new protected areas. Careful management of areas beyond protected‐area boundaries may prove critical to meeting their long‐term conservation objectives. Desarrollo de Tierras Dentro y Alrededor de Áreas Protegidas en la Frontera Silvestre     

New environmental performance baseline for inland ports: A benchmark for the European inland port sector

This paper presents the results of a collaborative programme of action between the European Federation of Inland Ports (EFIP) and the EC PORTOPIA research project to assist EU inland ports to enhance further their environmental performance. In order to achieve this goal, an environmental survey was specifically designed to reflect the operational and geographical circumstances of inland ports and to help to accelerate the culture of the reporting of environmental performance.The survey was developed to be user-friendly and practicable, and based on established good-practice taking into account the suggestions and advice of EFIP and its members, as well as the experience of the EcoPorts Network. As a result of the survey, an initial baseline of environmental performance for the EU inland port sector was established.A total of 27 port authorities participated in the survey, representing a range of port profiles in terms of size, commercial profile and geography. All response details were treated in strict confidence and the benchmark performance was reported as a European average. Results show that approximately 70% of the respondent ports declare that they have the major components of an Environmental Management System (EMS) actively in place (e.g. policy, inventory of legislation). An environmental index (1–10) has been calculated reflecting the performance of the sector in terms of the application of major EMS components. The average index value for the EU inland port sector baseline resulted in 6.Almost 67% of respondent ports indicated that they conduct environmental monitoring of different aspects, with waste being the most common. The survey results have also delivered the first top-10 ranking of environmental priorities for the EU inland port sector. It is interesting to note that also almost 70% of the inland ports apply initiatives to implement green actions. The outcomes of this paper are likely to be of interest to a wide range of stakeholders and decision-makers.     

废水处理仿真基准模型BSM1简介

文章比较详细地介绍了欧盟科学技术合作组织所研究的项目中，一个关于水处理的仿真基准模型（BSM1）。该模型建立在活性污泥法处理废水的基础之上，所选择的建模对象是一种简单常见的生物反应器和二次沉淀池组成的活性污泥水处理系统，致力于C、N的去除。应用该模型可以很方便地进行水处理控制方案之间的效果比较，对于世界各地的水处理研究机构之间的沟通有很大的帮助。文章结尾部分还对该模型存在的缺陷和今后的发展方向做了分析。     

Benchmark calculations from summarized data: an example

Benchmark calculations often are made from data extracted from publications. Such data may not be in a form most appropriate for benchmark analysis, and, as a result, suboptimal and/or non-standard benchmark analyses are often applied. This problem can be mitigated in some cases using Monte Carlo computational methods that allow the likelihood of the published data to be calculated while still using an appropriate benchmark dose (BMD) definition. Such an approach is illustrated herein using data from a study of workers exposed to styrene, in which a hybrid BMD calculation is implemented from dose response data reported only as means and standard deviations of ratios of scores on neuropsychological tests from exposed subjects to corresponding scores from matched controls. The likelihood of the data is computed using a combination of analytic and Monte Carlo integration methods.