Sensitivity of veliger larvae of Mytilus edulis and mussel of various sizes to chlorination

The blue mussel Mytilus edulis is one of the dominant fouling organisms in cooling water systems. In this work, how veliger larvae and different size groups of the mussels responded against chlorine dosage was examined. Veliger larvae mortality was studied at different residual chlorine concentrations (0.05–0.5 mg L^?1), and it was found that a chlorine dose of 0.5 mg L^?1 is 4 times as effective as 0.05 mg L^?1 and twice as effective as 0.1 mg L^?1. Mortality of 100% for three size groups (1.4, 14, and 25 mm) and relative physiological activities of two size groups (14 and 25 mm) were observed. The exposure duration for 100% mortality of mussels decreased with the increasing residual chlorine concentration (0.1–4.0 mg L^?1). Mussel size was also found to be an important factor, considering that the continuation times for mussel mortality were 28 h for the 1.4 mm and 410 h for the 25 mm size groups. All size groups showed progressive reduction in physiological activities, such as oxygen consumption, foot activity, and byssus thread production with increasing chlorine dose (0.05–1.0 mg L^?1); the two data-sets were strongly correlated with each other. The results of this study should be of significance for optimizing the chlorine content, and minimize the environmental threat to industries where mussels are the dominant fouling organisms.     

XDLVO理论解析有机物和钙离子对纳滤膜生物污染的影响

为了揭示有机物和ca~(2+)浓度对纳滤膜生物污染的影响机制,选用铜绿假单胞菌(PA)为模式菌株,海藻酸钠(SA),牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和腐殖酸(HA)为典型废水有机物,采用extended derjaguin-landau-verwey-overbeek(XDLUO)理论定量解析了不同进水条件下膜预处理和生物污染过程的界面相互作用结果表明,Ca~(2+)浓度为5mmol/L时,SA预处理后膜面亲水性最强,粘聚自由能高达42.96mJ/m~2,与PA、SA的界面自由能最高,分别为45.85和39.64mJ/m~2,抑制膜的生物污染.而Ca~(2+)浓度为2mmol/L时,BSA预处理后膜面疏水性最强,粘聚自由能低至-40.32mJ/m~2,与PA、BSA的界面自由能最低,分别为3.49和-6.36mJ/m~2,促进膜的生物污染所有污染过程中,范德华作用能差异较小,而静电作用能绝对值极小,贡献微弱,有机物和Ca~(2+)浓度对膜生物污染的影响主要体现在对疏水作用能的影响.     

不同营养水平下悬浮细菌数量对生物粘泥性质的影响

循环水系统中的微生物有悬浮态和附着态,悬浮细菌的存在对附着态生物粘泥的生长及特性有明显影响。通过向模拟循环冷却水系统中投加不同数量初始悬浮细菌,考察在营养水平不同的情况下,悬浮细菌数量对生物粘泥化学组成和脱氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,营养水平不同,初始悬浮细菌数量对生物粘泥的化学组成和脱氢酶活性的影响程度不同;在不同营养水平下,应分别控制初始悬浮细菌数量。贫营养下,初始悬浮细菌数量应控制在6×105个/mL左右;中营养下,初始悬浮细菌数量应控制在1×105～2.6×105个/mL之间;富营养下,初始悬浮细菌数量应控制在0.11×105～2.6×105个/mL之间最不利于生物粘泥的生长。     

反渗透膜面细菌胞外多聚物提取方法研究

城市污水脱盐系统的反渗透(RO)膜面生物污堵问题严重影响了该技术的稳定运行,解析生物污堵机理的关键因素是微生物胞外多聚物(EPS)特征分析,然而目前细菌EPS提取方法多样,无统一标准,制约了EPS分析的可靠性和可对比性.基于此,本文以再生水厂RO膜面污堵物中分离的细菌为对象,采用水浴、超声、离子树脂、碱液4种方法提取EPS,以DOC和DNA含量表征提取的EPS总量和提取过程细胞破裂程度.结果表明,45℃水浴法不造成细胞破裂,提取总量多,是一种有效的提取方法.进一步对比不同提取时间条件下EPS溶液中多糖和蛋白含量变化,以及分子量、荧光特征等,综合认为提取1 h时,提取的EPS中多糖与蛋白相对含量稳定,不同分子量化合物均溶于水中,能客观地反映EPS特征.研究表明,45℃水浴1 h可以作为细菌EPS提取的适用方法应用.     

群体感应淬灭菌的分离及其膜污染控制性能

通过淬灭细菌的群体感应系统来抑制生物膜形成、防止膜生物污染的方法近年来受到广泛关注.本实验从实际运行污水处理厂活性污泥中分离出5株具有群体感应淬灭功能的菌株,其中菌株HG10对信号分子N-乙酰高丝氨酸环内酯(C6-HSL)分解能力最强.经16S rRNA基因序列比对,初步鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus).用海藻酸钠将菌株HG10进行包埋固定,以探究其在膜过滤系统中对膜污染防治的效果.结果表明,经过8 d培养,添加细菌包埋珠(SA-HG10)的实验组B中膜通量为181.29 L·(m~2·h)~(-1),未投加包埋珠的对照组A膜通量为110.64 L·(m~2·h)~(-1),B组膜通量比A组高出63.86%;对微滤膜片上生物膜中EPS含量测定表明,实验组B中EPS多糖和蛋白质含量较对照组A分别减少了29%和48%,疏水性蛋白质含量的大量减少是造成膜污染减弱的主要原因;膜表面胞外聚合物(EPS)总含量减少了43%,表明投放SA-HG10细菌包埋珠对过滤膜片上生物膜形成具有明显抑制作用,改善了膜过滤性能.     

膜污染层微生物与聚丙烯微滤膜间的界面作用及其吸附特征

采用热力学方法及界面吸附理论,对2株膜污染层微生物(Aeromonas veronii M4、Aeromonas caviae N25)与聚丙烯(PP)微滤膜间的界面作用及吸附特征进行研究.结果表明,Aeromonas veronii M4与PP膜表面均表现出明显的疏水性特征,而Aeromonas caviae N25则呈现亲水性特征,并且A.veronii M4的运动性能也要高于A.caviae N25;另外,2株细菌及PP膜的表面均带有负电荷,表现出明显的电子供体特征,而Lewis酸碱分量U_(mlb)~(AB)则在2株细菌与PP膜的界面作用能中占据着主导地位;依据XDLVO理论,A.caviae N25及A.veronii M4与PP膜之间的总界面作用能均为负值,表明二者在膜上的吸附是一个主动吸附过程,而A.veronii M4-PP膜之间的界面作用能负值最大,说明A.veronii M4具有较高的吸附能力;静态吸附结果则表明,A.veronii M4在PP膜上的吸附量要明显高于A.caviae N25,而2株菌在膜上的吸附行为可由准二级动力学模型进行描述.     

Application of rotating cylinder method for ecotoxicological evaluation of antifouling paints

The environmental impact of two biocide-free antifouling paints, fluoropolymer and silicone types, painted on a test cylinder was assessed using a battery of ecotoxicity test and chemical analyses for organic micro-pollutants such as perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). A biocide paint containing zinc pyrithione (ZnPT₂) and cuprous oxide was assessed as a positive control. A standardized laboratory rotating-cylinder method using each test cylinder with artificial seawater was performed for 45 days. After 1?h rotation, the leaked seawater was subjected for bioassay and chemical analyses twice weekly. The seawater extracts from the biocide paint showed adverse effects on bacteria, algae, and crustaceans, but those from the biocide-free paints did not. The leakage seawater from biocide-free paints, after 7-day continuous rotation, contained the same concentration levels of PFAS as blank seawater used to conduct the tests. Thus, no significant toxicities of the biocide-free paints were found under the conditions of this study. Simultaneous analysis of ZnPT₂ and copper pyrithione (CuPT₂) was developed using an HPLC with a polymeric resin column, showing that ZnPT₂ was converted to CuPT₂ by trans-chelation in the leakage seawater from the positive control paint. The experimental results using a laboratory rotating-cylinder method demonstrated that biocide-free paints did not markedly affect three species tested and no PFAS was detected. In contrast, biocide paint was significantly toxic to test species and toxicity of the extract on bacteria was partly responsible for CuPT₂ produced in leakage seawater. Thus, a laboratory rotating-cylinder method may be applied for ecotoxicological assessment of antifouling paints.     

典型海域船舶用铜材表面生物污损与腐蚀性能研究

目的 对比研究铜合金、紫铜在我国黄海、东海和南海海域具有代表性的港口海水环境中的污损、腐蚀行为.方法 依据GB 12763.6—2007《海洋调查规范》和GB/T 5776—2005《金属和合金的腐蚀试验方法》,通过实海挂片研究ZQMnD12-8-3-2、铜镍合金B10/B30和紫铜T2在我国典型海域青岛港口、舟山港口、三亚港口的生物污损与腐蚀状况.结果 铜镍合金B10、B30和紫铜T2在三海域均具有良好的抑制污损生物附着的性能,其中紫铜抑制污损生物附着的性能最为突出,但其腐蚀严重,腐蚀速率为3.97×10–2～8.48×10–2 mm/a;铸造青铜ZQMnD12-8-3-2虽然含铜量略高于铜镍合金B30,但由于其腐蚀产物易附着于材料表面,其污损抑制性能较差.结论 铜镍合金B10、B30和紫铜T2均有抑制污损生物附着的性能,但受不同海域环境因素和材料表面腐蚀产物致密性的影响有所差异.受泥沙水质影响,舟山港口内铜合金的腐蚀速率较高,腐蚀显著,三亚港口内紫铜的腐蚀速率最高.     

10CrNi3MoV船用钢港口环境腐蚀行为对比研究

目的对比研究10CrNi3MoV船用钢在我国黄海、东海和南海海域具有代表性的港口海水环境中的腐蚀行为。方法在青岛、舟山和三亚港口进行10CrNi3MoV船用钢的实海暴露实验,通过腐蚀形貌观察、腐蚀速率和点蚀深度测量,结合各海域环境因素的监测和腐蚀产物成分的XRD分析,研究材料暴露0.5a的腐蚀规律和腐蚀机制。结果 10CrNi3MoV钢在青岛港口主要发生均匀腐蚀,在舟山和三亚港口以点蚀为主要腐蚀形式。10CrNi3MoV钢腐蚀速率受温度、盐度、溶氧量和泥沙冲刷综合作用的影响,随港口纬度的降低,材料腐蚀速率增大。附着海生物是影响10CrNi3MoV钢点蚀的重要因素,材料在附着率高的三亚和舟山港口具有更高的点蚀深度。结论附着区与非附着区形成的电偶效应使阴阳极反应界面分离,具有保护性的α-FeOOH的阴极去极化加快了附着海生物闭塞区的阳极溶解。     

海水抽水蓄能电站防污方案研究

为了给未来建设海水抽水蓄能电站提供防污解决方案,分析了海洋污损生物的附着过程及特点,以及海水抽水蓄能电站需要防污的部位,比较国内外现有的海洋污损生物的治理技术。得到了海水抽水蓄能电站水工建筑物、管道、水泵水轮机组及其辅助系统的防污方案。通过分析国内海水抽水蓄能电站防污的现状、存在的不足,展望了未来重点研究的方向,为国内海水抽水蓄能电站的建设提供参考。