Development of controlled release nanoformulations of carbendazim employing amphiphilic polymers and their bioefficacy evaluation against Rhizoctonia solani

Controlled release nanoformulations of carbendazim (Methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate), a systemic fungicide, have been prepared using laboratory synthesized poly(ethylene glycols) (PEGs)-based functionalized amphiphilic copolymers. The release kinetics of carbendazim from developed controlled release (CR) formulations was studied and compared with that of the commercially available 50% Wettable Powder (WP). Further, the bioefficacy evaluation of developed formulations was done against plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani by the poison food technique method. The release of maximum amount of carbendazim from developed formulations was dependent on the molecular weight of PEGs and was found to increase with increasing molecular weights. The range of carbendazim release was found to be between 10th to 35th day as compared to commercial formulation which was up to 7th day. The diffusion exponent (n value) of carbendazim in water ranged from 0.37 to 0.52 in the tested formulations. The half-release (t_1/2) values ranged between 9.47 and 24.20 days, and the period of optimum availability (POA) of carbendazim ranged from 9.15 to 26.63 days. Also, ED₅₀ values of the developed formulations vary from 0.40 to 0.74 mg L^?1. These formulations can be used to optimize the release of carbendazim to achieve disease control for the desired period depending on the matrix of the polymer used.     

Testicular damage after chronic exposure to carbendazim in male goats

The present investigation was aimed to determine the effect of chronic exposure of carbendazim on cellular changes in testes of male goats. The goats were randomly divided into two groups, control and treatment (N?=?7 each). The treatment group was exposed to carbendazim at the dose rate of 50?mg?kg^?1 body weight per day orally, once daily for 180 consecutive days. Testes were removed from control and experimental animals surgically on the 90th, 120th, and 180th day. On the 180th day of the treatment, a maximum number of seminiferous tubules became atrophic, and vacuolization of germinal epithelium, and sloughing of the germinal epithelium and sertoli cells was more marked as compared to days 90 and 120. Some of the seminiferous tubules were devoid of germinal cells. These pathological findings were supported by ultrathin and electron microscopic examination. On the basis of the present investigation it could be concluded that chronic exposure of carbendazim in male goats did not allow proper maturation of testis.     

多菌灵降解菌NY97-1的鉴定及降解条件

分离筛选出一株能高效降解多菌灵的芽孢杆菌菌株NY97-1,经生理生化和序列同源性分析,将该菌株鉴定为短小芽孢杆菌Bacillus pumilus.该细菌降解多菌灵的最适pH值为6.0～10.0,最适温度为35.0～40.0℃.该菌在多菌灵浓度为10、30、50、100、300 mg·L-1的无机盐培养基中,30℃振荡培养24 h后,其对多菌灵的降解率分别为42.44％、48.97％、77.19％、78.66％和90.07％.添加少量有机氮源如酵母浸出粉、胰蛋白胨、酵母膏可促进菌株NY97-1对多菌灵的降解作用,添加少量无机氮源尿素会抑制菌株NY97-1对多菌灵的降解作用.     

The effects of benomyl and its breakdown products carbendazim and butyl isocyanate on the structure and function of tracheal ciliated cells

Abstract

The effects of the fungicide benomyl and its breakdown products, carbendazim and butyl isocyanate, were examined on canine tracheal epithelial tissue in primary culture. Changes in ciliary frequencies were monitored with an optical spectrum analysis system. Serial dilutions of the test compounds were prepared in 100% corn oil and applied to the cell cultures for intervals up to 6 hours and frequencies measured at intervals of 15 minutes to 1 hour. Benomyl and butyl isocyanate caused concentration‐dependent decreases in ciliary beat frequency. Benomyl at 300 μg/ml (3 mM) caused ciliostasis within 75 minutes of exposure. Butyl isocyanate at a molar concentration three times lower than benomyl (1 mM) caused a similar response, although within 30 minutes. The IBC₅₀ for benomyl was 0.75 mM, while for butyl isocyanate it was 0.52 mM. Carbendazim caused a moderate decrease in frequency over a 6 hour exposure period. Benomyl caused moderate to severe swelling of the mitochondria of ciliated epithelial cells with other cell organelles appearing normal. Butyl isocyanate did not cause any noticeable effect on cell ultrastructure and the apparently low rate of penetration of carbendazim into cells made it impossible to obtain an effect which justified ultrastructural analysis. It appears, at least for benomyl and butyl isocyanate, that while the physiological effect of these two compounds (inhibition of ciliary beat) is the same, the sites of action in the cell may be different.     

多菌灵在农田土壤中的降解及其影响因子研究

采用实验室模拟方法,研究了微生物、含水量和Cd对土壤中多菌灵降解动态的影响.结果表明,土壤中多菌灵(5.0mg·kg-1和10.0 mg·kg-1)的降解半衰期在灭菌条件下为非灭菌条件下的12.6～13.8倍;复合降解菌群(枯草杆菌、副球菌、黄杆菌和假单胞菌)的加入显著缩短了土壤中多菌灵的降解半衰期(32.1%～37.1%);当土壤含水量由40%田间持水量提高到60%或80%田间持水量,多菌灵降解半衰期缩短46.2%或74.0%;低浓度Cd(5.0 mg·kg-1)的加入显著缩短了土壤中多菌灵的降解半衰期(32.1%～52.4%),而高浓度的Cd(50 mg·kg-1)延长多菌灵的降解半衰期(92.6%～103.0%);对添加复合降解菌群的土壤,低浓度Cd(5.0 mg·kg-1)的加入同样显著缩短了土壤中多菌灵的降解半衰期(34.0%～34.4%),高浓度的Cd(50 mg·kg-1)延长多菌灵的降解半衰期(74.4%～109.4%).研究表明,土著微生物在多菌灵降解过程中发挥重要的作用,多菌灵降解菌群、较高的土壤湿度和低浓度的Cd也促进了土壤中多菌灵的降解.     

Residue dynamics of carbendazim and mancozeb in grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) berries

The residue dynamics of carbendazim and mancozeb in grape berries is reported. The fungicides were sprayed in accordance with the most critical use pattern i.e. 4 times at 15 days interval separately at recommended and double doses. The residues of each fungicide dissipated following 1st order rate kinetics. The half-lives of carbendazim and mancozeb were 7.3 and 8.1 days at recommended dose and 4.6 and 5.7 days at double dose. Ethylenethiourea (ETU), the toxic metabolite of mancozeb was detectable at harvest following four sprays of mancozeb at recommended dose. At double dose, however, the residues of ETU could be detected even after three sprays of mancozeb. The pre-harvest intervals for carbendazim and mancozeb were found to be 26 and 12 days at recommended dose and 33 and 17 days at double dose, respectively.     

咪鲜胺和多菌灵对斑马鱼联合毒性效应

水生生物经常暴露于多种化合物中,多种农药联合会产生不同的毒性作用。在目前农药管理中,仅要求开展单剂的毒性评价,没有考虑到多种混合物对水生生物的联合毒性。咪鲜胺和多菌灵是农业生产中常混用的2种农药,为评价其联合毒性,以斑马鱼为受试生物,采用静态法和实时荧光定量PCR方法,测定了其单剂及混剂对斑马鱼胚胎的急性毒性和对斑马鱼幼鱼甲状腺轴关键基因的影响。急性毒性试验结果显示:咪鲜胺和多菌灵对斑马鱼胚胎96 h-LC50值分别为8.41 mg·L~(-1)和0.81 mg·L~(-1),表现为中毒和高毒。二元组合时,在24～96 h暴露时间内,对斑马鱼胚胎的急性毒性均表现为拮抗效应。基因表达结果显示:咪鲜胺抑制斑马鱼幼鱼促甲状腺激素释放激素(CRH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、甲状腺激素受体(TRα)、脱碘酶(D1、D2)基因的表达,对甲状腺激素转运蛋白(TTR)基因的表达没有显著影响;多菌灵抑制CRH、TSH、D1和D2基因的表达;暴露于二元组合时,低、中剂量组抑制CRH、TSH、D1和D2基因表达;二元组合与单剂相比,高剂量组促进TSH、D1和D2基因的表达,中剂量组促进TRα基因的表达。综上所述,咪鲜胺和多菌灵联合暴露能够干扰斑马鱼幼鱼早期发育,且与单剂相比,对斑马鱼甲状腺轴上基因干扰效应存在差异。因此,在农药风险评估中,应充分考虑农药联合暴露的效应。     

一株多菌灵降解菌包埋条件及降解特性

采用海藻酸钠(SA)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)对1株多菌灵降解菌进行包埋,并对最佳包埋条件及包埋后的降解效果进行研究.结果表明:SA包埋法的最佳条件为:菌液与2% SA按1:5体积比混合,在4% CaCl2溶液中室温交联24h.PVA包埋法的最佳条件为:菌液与10%PVA按1:5比例混合,在3%CaCl2溶液中室温交联24h.活化48h后,在30℃、 pH6的条件下,SA包埋的多菌灵降解菌对多菌灵的降解率可达80.4%.PVA包埋的降解菌的降解率为76.3%.     

Occurrence of imidacloprid,carbendazim, and other biocides in Italian house dust: Potential relevance for intakes in children and pets

The occurrence of pesticides intended for non-agricultural use was investigated in 206 dust samples drawn from vacuum-cleaner bags from residential flats in Italy. The multi-residue analysis targeted on 95 different active principles was performed with UPLC-MS/MS, with a Limit of Quantification (LOQ) of 0.008 μg/g dry weight. The results indicated the presence of imidacloprid (IMI) and carbendazim (CARB) in 30% and 26% of the samples, with a mean and P95 concentration between 1.6 and 39 and between 0.08 and 4.9 μg/g, respectively. Combined presence of two biocides was noted in 19.4% samples, of three biocides in 9.2% samples, of four biocides in 3.4% samples, and of five and six biocides in 0.5% and 1% samples, respectively. According to the estimated dust intake in infants/toddlers aged 6–24 months (16–100 mg d^?1) and cats (200 mg d^?1), it was possible to obtain risk characterization with respect to the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for IMI of 0.060 mg/kg body weight (bw) proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the chronic Population Adjusted Dose (cPAD) of 0.019 mg/kg bw d^?1 by US-EPA. Under the worst-case scenario, the presence of IMI in dust indicates potential exceedance of the cPAD in kittens, to be considered as sentinel also accounting for combined exposure. This study highlights the relevance of consumer empowerment about the responsible use of pesticides as biocidal products in indoor environment.     

多菌灵的光化学降解研究

以太阳光和高压汞为灯光源研究了多菌灵在溶液相中的光化学降解：在太阳光下，多菌灵在甲醇，正已烷、重蒸水、３种ＰＨ缓冲液和不同类型水质中光稳定性很强，但在丙酮中可以光解，光 解半衰期为３３．８０ｈ光敏剂核黄素、０．５％内酮、ｅ＾３＋能加快多菌灵在水溶中的光解速率，其中黄素敏化效果最显著，说明在太阳光下多菌灵在水溶液中主要是间接光解，与太阳光源比较，多菌灵在高汞灯下主要进行直接光解，在重蒸水中的光钐半衰