分类收集蔬菜垃圾与植物废弃物混合堆肥工艺实例研究

以分类收集的生活垃圾(主要为蔬菜垃圾)和破碎树枝为原料,采用条垛式堆肥工艺,在中试规模条件下考察了原料初始含水率、通风频率、翻堆频率、接种比例4种因素对混合堆肥效果的影响.同时,在试验的9种工况下,对温度、氧浓度、有机碳降解率、有机碳氮比(C/N)、腐殖质含量等指标进行测定.结果表明,堆肥42d时各堆体均已达到稳定化要求.经过比较肥分保持、腐殖化程度和能量投入等指标,获得的最优堆肥控制条件为:初始含水率65%,通风频率15min/60min(开/关),翻堆频率为每3d1次,产物接种比例5%.最优控制方案下的主发酵通风率仅为0.03L.min-1.kg-1(以VS计),可实现堆肥过程的低能耗,适合于我国村镇区域的应用条件.     

高含水率垃圾与污泥混合堆肥实验研究

采用好氧堆肥工艺处理高含水率城市生活垃圾和脱水污泥。高含水率垃圾(含水率≥65%)经过一段时间静置预处理,含水率降至55%左右,破碎筛分,取筛下物和脱水污泥进行好氧堆肥。结果显示预处理垃圾和污泥在质量比1～3之间时,堆肥过程可以达到卫生化和稳定化的处理要求,质量比为1时升温速度快,堆肥周期短,有较好的堆肥效果;回用部分处理后堆肥可以大大缩短堆肥启动时间。     

Role of rural solid waste management in non-point source pollution control of Dianchi Lake catchments, China

In recent years, with control of the main municipal and industrial point pollution sources and implementation of cleaning for some inner pollution sources in the water body, the discharge of point source pollution decreased gradually, while non-point source pollution has become increasingly distressing in Dianchi Lake catchments. As one of the major targets in non-point source pollution control, an integrated solid waste controlling strategy combined with a technological solution and management system was proposed and implemented based on the waste disposal situation and characteristics of rural solid waste in the demonstration area. As the key technology in rural solid waste treatment, both centralized plant-scale composting and a dispersed farmer-operated waste treating system showed promise in rendering timely benefits in efficiency, large handling capacity, high quality of the end product, as well as good economic return. Problems encountered during multi-substrates co-composting such as pathogens, high moisture content, asynchronism in the decomposition of different substrates, and low quality of the end product can all be tackled. 92.5% of solid waste was collected in the demonstration area, while the treating and recycling ratio reached 87.9%, which prevented 32.2 t nitrogen and 3.9 t phosphorus per year from entering the water body of Dianchi Lake after implementation of the project.     

混合堆肥过程中挥发性固体含量的层次效应及动态变化

城市污泥与猪粪混合堆肥表明:升温期和高温期堆体上部有机物降解的差异较大,降温期堆体下部各层有机物降解的差异较大,且堆体内挥发性固体(VS)含量已形成明显的层次效应,腐熟期堆体中部有机物降解的差异较大,堆体内VS含量的层次效应仍很明显;不同堆肥期堆体内VS含量的差异由大到小分别为:降温期≥腐熟期>高温期>升温期,不同部位有机物降解程度由大到小为:上部>中部>下部;VS含量随时间的变化满足一级反应动力学方程,城市污泥和猪粪混合堆肥过程中VS的降解速率约为0.3kg·d^-1,VS含量降低了8.2%.     

响应曲面法优化沼渣混合物料堆肥配比研究

基于主成分分析,以WSC/WSN、E4/E6、NH4＋-N/NO3－-N、GI作为混合堆肥腐熟程度的判别指标体系,建立综合评价函数,确定综合评价值F,用于表征混合堆肥腐熟度.采用Box-Behnken设计,以F值为响应值,沼渣量、猪粪量、鸡粪量为3因素,设计了15组堆肥试验,建立二次多项数学模型,从腐熟度的角度确定沼渣、猪粪、鸡粪混合堆肥的最佳配比.结果表明:沼渣量、猪粪量、鸡粪量对响应值F影响的显著性顺序为:鸡粪量>沼渣量>猪粪量;鸡粪量一次项、沼渣量二次项达到极显著水平(P<0.01);沼渣量和鸡粪量的交互项、鸡粪量二次项达到显著水平(P<0.05);优化出的混合物料堆肥沼渣、猪粪、鸡粪最佳质量配比为5.83:7.95:7.54.由此可见,响应曲面法用于混合堆肥物料配比优化具有可行性.     

混合堆肥过程中自由空域(FAS)的层次效应及动态变化

城市污泥、猪粪混合堆肥试验表明:升温期和高温期FAS分别为42.3%、26.2%,在这2个堆肥期内堆体上部的FAS明显高于下部,堆体内的空气能满足微生物的需求;降温期FAS为52.4%,堆体上部的FAS高于中部,中部高于下部,FAS呈明显的层次效应;腐熟期FAS为54.7%,FAS的层次效应减弱,堆体上部和中部的通气性明显好于下部.不同堆肥期剖面上下部FAS的差异由大到小分别为:降温期>高温期>后熟期>升温期;堆体内FAS由高到低为:上部>中部>下部.FAS随时间的变化满足二级反应动力学方程.     

Changes of Cu, Zn, and Ni chemical speciation in sewage sludge co-composted with sodium sulfide and lime

A batch composting study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of co-composting sewage sludge with sodium sulfide and lime （SSL） mixture （Na2S/CaO= 1：1）, aiming at reducing the availability of heavy metals in the sludge compost. Sewage sludge with sawdust as a bulking agent was amended with SSL at 3% （w/w, dw）, and composted for 15 d in laboratory batch reactors. The four stages of the Tessier sequential extraction method was employed to investigate changes in heavy metal fractions of Cu, Zn, and Ni in sewage sludge composted with SSL. For all the three metals, the mobile fractions, such as, exchangeable and carbonate bound were mainly transformed into low availability fractions （organic matter and sulfide, Fe-Mn oxides bound and residual forms）, and the addition of SSL enhanced this transformation. Therefore, SSL is a suitable material to co-compost with sewage sludge to reduce the availability of heavy metals. According to the cabbage seed germination test, a SSL amendment of ≤3% （w/w, dw） is recommended to co-compost with sewage sludge.     

温度控制对蔬菜废物和花卉秸秆共堆肥的影响

以农业蔬菜和花卉废物为原料,进行了不同堆肥控制温度水平的共堆肥.试验在2m3的静态好氧床中试装置中,采用静态好氧工艺进行,研究分析了55℃,60℃,65℃3个温度控制水平下的废物减量化、底物降解、水分去除等的随时间的变化特征:总废物减量率分别为45.8%,63%和58.1%;有机质的降解率分别为23.4%、41.4%和23.8%;水分去除率分别为59.9%、79.1%和78%.60℃控温工艺的废物减量化效果最好,65℃次之,55℃最差;60℃控温工艺的底物降解能力最强,65℃和55℃工艺的底物降解效果相差不大;60℃和65℃控温工艺的水分去除能力最强,55℃条件下的水分去除能力较弱.     

园林/餐厨垃圾联合堆肥工艺研究

以干草落叶混合物及酒店餐厨垃圾为原料,在自然通风条件下,利用自行研制的引风式堆肥装置,通过为期10d的园林/餐厨垃圾混合物高温好氧初级发酵,研究混合原料中餐厨垃圾不同配比对园林垃圾快速堆肥效果的影响。结果表明:在质量配比75.64%、67.45%、51.37%中,当餐厨垃圾质量比67.45%时,含水率61.15%对园林垃圾堆肥效果最好,减容率24.83%,减重率28.33%,初级发酵结束C/N比15.41。     

城市生活垃圾和污泥混合堆肥中氮素变化规律研究

进行了不同比例的垃圾和污泥混合的高温好氧静态堆肥小试试验,主要研究了堆肥过程中全氮、氨氮、硝态氮、水溶性氮以及有机碳等的变化.结果表明,堆肥过程中有机碳、全氮和碳氮比呈下降趋势;堆肥产品中全氮与其初始浓度成正比,初始浓度越高,结束时全氮越高;碳氮比在整个堆肥过程中变化不大;氨氮的变化显著,堆肥23 d,3种比例的混合样品(垃圾和污泥体积比分别为9∶1、5∶1和3∶1)中的氨氮分别由堆肥前的11.1、10.9、10.5 g/kg下降到1.1、2.1、3.1 g/kg;水溶性全氮和水溶性氨氮的下降趋势明显,水溶性氨氮是构成水溶性全氮的主要成分,堆肥前期温度的上升引起水溶性全氮和水溶性氨氮的迅速下降;硝态氮和水溶性硝态氮的浓度低,变化小;氮素损失主要在第3～10天的堆肥高温期,污泥量越大,氮素损失越严重,氮素损失率最高达45%.