Emerging applications of green coconut: A promising lignocellulosic biomass

Waste accumulation is a grave concern and becoming a transboundary challenge for environment. During Covid-19 pandemic, diverse type of waste were collected due to different practices employed in order to fight back the transmission rate of the virus. Covid-19 was proved to be capricious catastrophe of this 20th century and even not completely eradicated from the world. The havoc created by this imperceptible quick witted, pleomorphic deadly virus can't be ignored. Though a number of vaccines have been developed by the scientists but there is a fear of getting this virus again in our life. Medical studies prove that immunity drinks will help to reduce its reoccurrences. Coconut water is widely used among all drinks available globally. Its massive consumption created an incalculable pile of green coconut shells around the different corners of the world. This practice generating enormous problem of space acquisition for the environment. Both the environment and public health will benefit from an evaluation of quantity of coconut waste that is being thrown and its potential to generate value added products. With this context, present article has been planned to study different aspects like, coconut waste generation, its biological properties and environmental hazards associated with its accumulation. Additionally, this review illustrates, green technologies for production of different value added products from coconut waste.     

椰壳活性炭吸附消除VOCs

对一种椰壳活性炭对甲基丙烯酸甲酯的吸附消除行为进行了研究,重点考察了甲基丙烯酸甲酯的浓度、流速和吸附温度等条件以及水汽存在时对活性炭吸附行为的影响。结果表明,该颗粒活性炭对甲基丙烯酸甲酯有良好的吸附效果,甲基丙烯酸甲酯进口浓度和进气量的改变均会影响吸附饱和时间,导致其增加或减少。通过变温吸附实验确定降低环境温度对其吸附有促进作用。湿度为50%时吸附量相对干气饱和吸附量影响较小,说明该活性炭抗水汽能力较好。经多次重复再生实验,其饱和吸附量未见明显下降。     

Optimizing process parameters for the adsorption of phosphorus from synthetic wastewater on coconut shell based activated carbon

Activated carbon was prepared from coconut shell, an agricultural waste, for the removal of phosphorus from synthetic phosphorus‐containing wastewater. The activated carbon obtained from the coconut shell was characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the effects of pH, particle size, adsorbent dosage, and sorption time on the adsorptive potential of the prepared activated carbon. Response surface methodology was employed to study the interactions among the variables and to optimize the process conditions for the maximum removal of phosphorus using the coconut shell–based activated carbon (CNS). The characterization results from the FTIR showed the presence of variety of functional groups, such as ?OH, ?NH, C=O, C?H, C?N, CH₃, and CH₂, which explains the CNS's improved adsorption behavior on the colloidal particles. A maximum performance of 95.22% was obtained for CNS at the optimum conditions of adsorbent dosage = 1,000 milligrams (local variable), pH 2 (local variable), particle size = 0.2 millimeters (local variable), and sorption time = 4.2 hours (global variable).     

椰纤维生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)、As(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

为了研究不同裂解温度制备的椰衣生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)、As(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能差异及其机理,并为制备高效吸附生物炭提供依据,采用Langmuir和Freundlich模型拟合分析了300、500和700℃3个裂解温度下制备的椰衣生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)、As(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的等温吸附曲线,使用元素分析仪、Boehm滴定法、扫描电子显微镜等研究了不同温度制备的生物炭的组成与理化性质。结果表明,Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型都能较好地拟合生物炭对这些重金属的吸附,提高生物炭的制备温度可增加其对Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量,同时降低其对As(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量;制炭温度升高引起的生物炭C含量、灰分含量、p H、CEC的升高和生物炭表面积增大是导致其对Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量增大的主要原因。而随着制炭温度的上升,O、H元素含量下降引起的碱性官能团的增加,和羟基和酚羟基官能团的减少是生物炭对As(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量下降的主要因素。     

Di（2-ethylhexyl）phosphoric acid-coconut oil supported liquid membrane for the separation of copper ions from copper plating wastewater

Permeation of Cu(II) from its aqueous solution through a supported liquid membrane (SLM) containing di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) carrier dissolved in coconut oil has been studied. The effects of Cu(II), pH (in feed), H2SO4 (stripping) and D2EHPA (in membrane) concentrations have been investigated. The stability of the D2EHPA-coconutoil has also been evaluated. High Cu(II) concentration in the feed leads to an increase in flux from 4.1 × 10-9 to 8.9 × 10-9 mol/(m2·s) within the Cu(II) concentration range 7.8×10-4-78.6×10-4 mol/L at pH of 4.0 in the feed and 12.4 × 10-4 mol/L D2EHPA in the membrane phase. Increase in H2SO4 concentration in strip solution leads to an increase in copper ions flux up to 0.25 mol/L H2SO4, providing a maximum flux of 7.4 × 10-9 mol/(m2·s). The optimum conditions for Cu(II) transport are, pH of feed 4.0, 0.25 mol/L H2SO4 in strip phase and 12.4 × 10-4 mol/L D2EHPA (membrane) in 0.5 (m pore size polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. It has been observed that Cu(II) flux across the membrane tends to increase with the concentration of copper ions. Application of the method developed to copper plating bath rinse solutions has been found to be successful in the recovery of Cu(II). rane. It     

木薯茎秆基质育苗效果研究

以草炭、椰糠为对照,研究腐熟木薯茎秆对番茄、黄瓜、丝瓜、茄子、大吊瓜及西瓜的育苗效果,为木薯茎秆作为育苗基质提供依据。育苗结果表明：（1）原木薯茎秆用于番茄育苗时,其发芽率、株高、茎粗及真叶数与草炭育的番茄效果相当;过2mm筛木薯茎秆对番茄育苗效果不如草炭,但优于椰糠;原木薯茎秆用于黄瓜育苗时,其发芽率、株高、茎粗及真叶数与草炭、椰糠育的黄瓜效果相当;原木薯茎秆对番茄、黄瓜的育苗效果优于过2mm筛木薯茎秆。（2）原木薯茎秆、过2mm筛木薯茎秆对丝瓜、大吊瓜和西瓜的育苗效果不如草炭、椰糠,但对茄子的育苗效果优于椰糠。总的看来,腐熟木薯茎秆可用于番茄、黄瓜、茄子育苗,而不宜单独用于丝瓜、大吊瓜和西瓜育苗。     

Effects of coconut product–caffeine interactions on liver cells in Wistar albino rats

The effects of interactions between coconut products and caffeine on the induction of drug-metabolizing enzyme in Wistar albino rats were studied. Twenty rats were randomly divided into four groups: (Group 1) control received via oral route a placebo (4 mL distilled water). Groups 2–4 were treated for a 14-day period, respectively, with 50 mg caffeine/kg body weight (BW), 50 mg caffeine/kg plus 50 mg coconut water/kg, or 50 mg caffeine/kg plus 50 mg coconut milk/kg in a 4 mL volume via gastric intubation. One day after the after the final exposure, the animals were euthanized by inhalation of an overdose of chloroform. The blood of each rat was collected by cardiac puncture, and the liver of each was harvested and processed to examine several biochemical parameters, including total protein and RNA levels, protein/RNA ratios, and the activities of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST, respectively). Results showed that while ingestion of coconut milk and coconut water increased the values of protein and protein/RNA ratios, there was a decrease in ALT and AST activities. These effects were opposite to those produced by caffeine alone and may prevent the adverse effects attributed to caffeine.     

活性炭脱硫研究 (Ⅱ)水蒸汽存在下SO2的氧化反应机理

利用一等温微分反应器进行了ＳＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ－Ｏ２－Ｎ２体系中ＳＯ２在椰壳炭上的氧化反应本征动力学测定，提出了这一反应的３种可能的机理，通过与实验结果的对比，得出这一反应的控制步骤为Ｈ２ＳＯ３＋Ｏ→Ｈ２ＳＯ４。     

谷壳的差热红外扫描电镜分析及对铜铅离子的生物吸附研究

用差热分析(DTG-DTA)、红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM/EDS)等方法对谷壳的质量随温度上升而变化的情况、表面的官能团、表面形态及主要元素构成等进行了分析,并研究了谷壳对水溶液中Cu2 、pb2 的生物吸附作用.加热170℃时谷壳质量损失约6%,至170～290℃时质量损失约45%,至500℃时质量仅余约11%.在320℃、440℃分别有2个放热峰.谷壳的红外吸收光谱图主要由碳水化合物如木质素、纤维素等的吸收带组成.红外光谱分析表明,1735 cm-1和1615 cm-1处的吸收峰为不同C=O的伸缩振动峰;1515 cm-1处为苯环的骨架振动峰,而1243 cm-1处是苯羟基中C-O的伸缩振动峰.1456 cm-1处的吸收峰为CH3-和CH2-的弯曲振动峰,1374 cm-1处是甲基的弯曲振动峰.SEM/EDS分析表明,谷壳表面粗糙,且主要由碳氧硅铝元素构成.结果表明,吸附时间、溶液pH、吸附剂用量、金属离子初始浓度及Na 和Ca2 离子对吸附均有影响.谷壳对Cu2 、Pb2 的吸附在30min基本达到平衡,在pH为5左右吸附效果较好,Ca2 对吸附的影响比Na 严重.随初始浓度的增加,吸附量增大,且吸附可用Langmuir方程描述.在本实验条件下,谷壳对Cu2 、Pb2 的最大吸附量分别为3.46 mg·L-1、12.5mg·L-1.一种金属离子的存在能显著降低谷壳对另一种金属离子的吸附,且pb2 对Cu2 的影响较Cu2 对pb2 的影响更严重.单一体系和混合体系的实验结果表明,谷壳对单一体系中Cu2 、Pb2 的吸附能力分别大于对混合溶液中Cu2 、Pb2 的吸附能力.     

建立优质种苗示范基地，加快发展海南椰子产业

通过对海南椰子生产现状的分析，本文指出了建立优质良种椰子种苗生产示范基地的必要性和重要性，并针对一些需要解决的问题，提出了加快海南椰子产业发展的建议。