某市给水管网中铁释放现象影响因素与控制对策分析

针对某市管网水中铁浓度的变化规律进行了系统的研究,确定了管垢向管网水中释放出的铁是管网水中铁超标的主要原因.研究中发现铸铁管和镀锌钢管中管垢的主要化学组分为铁.在给水管网中,管网水的溶解氧和余氯浓度低时,对应的管网水中铁释放现象严重,其原因是还原条件使管垢表面的致密钝化层被破坏,造成二价铁的大量释放.根据试验结果提出了给水管网中铁释放和“红水”现象的控制对策.  

给水管网中管内壁腐蚀管垢特征分析

使用扫描电镜(SEM)、X荧光光谱分析(XRF)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)以及X光电子能谱(XPS)对给水管网中铸铁管和镀锌钢管上的管内壁腐蚀管垢进行微观形态、化学组成、晶体结构和化合物构成等物理化学特征分析.发现管垢外部平滑而致密,内部为多孔结构.铁是管垢最重要的化学组成,管垢基本上是含铁的化合物.外层管垢可能的化学组成是α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH、α-Fe₂O₃、γFe₂O₃、FeCl₃等三价铁化合物,而内层管垢则为Fe₃O₄、FeCl₂、FeCO₃等二价铁及二价铁与三价铁共同存在的化合物.管垢的特征取决于管网水力条件、水质条件和管材本身特性.  

水源更换对给水管网水质的影响研究

为了研究水源更换对给水管网水质的影响，对北方A市水源更换过程中管网水质理化指标进行了监测分析.通过33 h的监测发现，由于水源水质不同造成管网水质化学不稳定，管网水水质部分指标发生了明显的下降，pH从7.54降到7.18，碱度从188　mg·L^-1降到117 　mg·L^-1，氯化物从310 　mg·L^-1降到132 　mg·L^-1（以Cl^-计），电导率从0.176　S·m^-1降到0.087 　S·m^-1，钙离子和镁离子略有下降分别为15 　mg·L^-1和11 　mg·L^-1，这些都是由于滦河水质与黄河水质不同造成的；余氯在换水过程中发生了较复杂的变化，主要是由于水源更换造成耗氯量增加以及夜间用水量少造成管网水输配时间长引起的；pH、碱度、余氯的变化使得管网水中铁的含量增加，最高达到0.4 　mg·L^-1，超出饮用水标准规定的0.3 　mg·L^-1.通过分析水源更换过程中水质的变化，提出了控制管网水质稳定的方法主要有提高pH、增加碱度、投加缓蚀剂和严格保证出厂水及管网水水质指标特别是余氯等.  

给水管网中耐氯分枝杆菌的灭活特性及机制研究

近年来,在饮用水管网中检测到耐受消毒剂的微生物,对于饮用水安全造成威胁.课题组由南方某城市自来水管网中分离出1株耐氯的产黏液分枝杆菌(Mycobacteria mucogenicum),并对其灭活特性和耐氯机制进行了研究.使用自由氯、一氯胺和二氧化氯对其进行消毒实验,测定CT值.99.9%灭活产黏液分枝杆菌时,自由氯的CT值为(76.25±47.55)mg·min·L-1,一氯胺为(1 396±382)mg·min·L-1,二氧化氯为(13.5±4.9)mg·min·L-1.采用透射电镜对产黏液分枝杆菌的消毒过程进行观察,发现消毒后细菌结构疏松,细胞器层次变得不清晰,核心肿胀溶解.产黏液分枝杆菌具有较好的疏水性,测定其表面疏水率为37.2%,远高于其他细菌,使得亲水性消毒剂不易进入细菌内部,是其耐受含氯消毒剂的原因之一.  

给水管网管壁铁细菌生长特性模拟及控制对策研究

利用AR反应器对管壁铁细菌的生长特性、影响因素以及悬浮铁细菌与管壁铁细菌的相关关系进行了研究.管壁铁细菌在反应器运行12 d后达到稳定生长,出水中铁细菌数量比进水增加1 lg,剪切力对于铁细菌达到稳定生长的时间有影响,但对稳定生长后挂片上的铁细菌数量没有明显的影响.稳定余氯0.3 mg/L可以有效控制悬浮和管壁铁细菌的生长,数量降低1 lg;对于管垢内的铁细菌即使余氯增加到1.0 mg/L仍无法杀灭;余氯浓度0.05 mg/L无法有效控制悬浮和管壁附着铁细菌的生长.对于稳定生长下的管壁铁细菌,增加余氯浓度至1.25 mg/L,可使管壁铁细菌数量降低2 lg~3 lg.稳定生长状态下,悬浮铁细菌与管壁铁细菌数量具有线性关系.并在试验基础上提出给水管网铁细菌生长控制对策:维持管网余氯0.3 mg/L;定期采用较高浓度消毒剂冲洗管道;采用新型防腐管材或加快旧管网改造,提高管网抗腐蚀性能等.  

Deposition behavior of residual aluminum in drinking water distribution system: Effect of aluminum speciation

Finished drinking water usually contains some residual aluminum.The deposition of residual aluminum in distribution systems and potential release back to the drinking water could significantly influence the water quality at consumer taps.A preliminary analysis of aluminum content in cast iron pipe corrosion scales and loose deposits demonstrated that aluminum deposition on distribution pipe surfaces could be excessive for water treated by aluminum coagulants including polyaluminum chloride（PACl）.In this work,the deposition features of different aluminum species in PACl were investigated by simulated coil-pipe test,batch reactor test and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring.The deposition amount of non-polymeric aluminum species was the least,and its deposition layer was soft and hydrated,which indicated the possible formation of amorphous Al（OH）₃.Al₁₃ had the highest deposition tendency,and the deposition layer was rigid and much less hydrated,which indicated that the deposited aluminum might possess regular structure and self-aggregation of Al₁₃could be the main deposition mechanism.While for Al₃₀,its deposition was relatively slower and deposited aluminum amount was relatively less compared with Al₁₃.However,the total deposited mass of Al₃₀ was much higher than that of Al₁₃,which was attributed to the deposition of particulate aluminum matters with much higher hydration state.Compared with stationary condition,stirring could significantly enhance the deposition process,while the effect of pH on deposition was relatively weak in the near neutral range of 6.7 to 8.7.  

Iron stability in drinking water distribution systems in a city of China

A field study on the estimation and analysis of iron stability in drinking water distribution system was carried out in a city of China. The stability of iron ion was estimated by pC-pH figure. It was found that iron ion was unstable, with a high Fe （OH）3 precipitation tendency and obvious increase in turbidity. The outer layer of the corrosion scale was compact, while the inner core was porous. The main composition of the scale was iron, and the possible compound constitutes of the outer scale were α-FeOH, γ-FeOOH, α-Fe2O3, γ-F2O3, FeCl3, while the inner were Fe3O4, FeCl2, FeCO3. According to the characteristics of the corrosion scale, it was thought that the main reason for iron instability was iron release from corrosion scale. Many factors such as pipe materials, dissolved oxygen and chlorine residual affect iron release. Generally, higher iron release occurred with lower dissolved oxygen or chlorine residual concentration, while lower iron release occurred with higher dissolved oxygen or chlorine residual concentration. The reason was considered that the passivated out layer of scale of ferric oxide was broken down by reductive reaction in a condition of low oxidants concentration, which would result more rapid corrosion of the nine and red water phenomenon.  

聚硅酸对不同形态铝沉积行为的影响

针对给水管网中残余铝沉积和再溶解现象可能引起的水质问题，研究了聚硅酸对不同水解聚合形态铝沉积、再溶解的影响，并以石英微晶天平为表征手段，初步探讨了聚硅酸对不同形态铝沉积、再溶解过程影响的机理. 结果表明，聚硅酸能显著改变不同水解聚合形态铝的沉积、再溶解行为. 聚硅酸可与3种水解聚合形态的铝迅速结合而生成可沉积产物，但产物性质不同. 以单体形态为主的Al₀与聚硅酸的反应产物性质较稳定，部分以溶解态存在，部分以非溶解态（可沉积态）存在；尽管铝的两种聚合形态Al₁₃和Al₃₀与聚硅酸反应也生成了部分可沉积产物，但随着时间的推移，这些产物又逐渐向溶解态转化. 铝硅比对Al₀体系中铝的沉积溶解行为影响较小，而对Al₁₃和Al₃₀影响较大，且在0.2∶20（以Al和SiO₂计的质量比）时，沉积态铝的溶解速率最快.  

供水管网铁释放的影响因素相对重要性分析

供水管网的铁释放问题近年来日益受到关注.影响供水管网铁释放的因素众多，本研究选取了pH、溶解氧（DO）、碱度（Alk）、硬度、氯离子（Cl^-）、硫酸根（SO₄^2-）、温度（T）和水力停留时间（HRT）这8个影响因素，利用逐步回归和偏相关分析，建立了铁释放的非线性幂指数模型，并用标准化回归系数和偏相关系数比较了这些因素的相对重要性.结果表明，铁释放模型拟合效果良好；用标准化回归系数衡量影响因素相对重要性时，SO₄^2-、HRT、Cl^-和T是相对重要的因素，相对重要性排序为SO₄^2-≈ HRT > Cl^- > T；用偏相关系数衡量时，HRT、SO₄^2-、Alk、Cl^-和T是相对重要的因素，排序为HRT > SO₄^2- > Alk > Cl^- > T.综合两种系数的分析结果，HRT、SO₄^2-和Cl^-是本研究条件下相对重要的因素，T和Alk的相对重要性视实际情况变动.  

给水管网中污染物在管垢上的累积和释放

给水管网中,管垢是各种污染物的源和汇,但目前污染物在管垢中的累积释放特征尚缺乏系统研究.本文以实际的城市供水管网的球墨铸铁管和灰口铸铁管为对象,一方面采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、晶体衍射结构分析(XRD)等手段对其管垢进行表征,另一方面运用管段滞流反应器研究了三氯甲烷、铅、锰和锌等污染物滞流状态下在管垢上累积和释放特征.结果表明:同为铸铁管,使用一定年限后,管垢成分有所差异,灰口管管垢量较大,具有明显的锈蚀和管瘤出现,成分以二氧化硅、金属复合氧化物为主,而球墨管管垢量较小,以二氧化硅为主;随着初始浓度的提高,管垢对污染物的累积量逐步提高,对于三氯甲烷,其吸附量和释放量都非常低,而对于Pb、Mn和Zn 3种金属,管垢的吸附量远大于释放量,说明在实验条件下它们易累积不易释放,但水质条件的改变有可能引起大规模释放.研究结果对饮用水管网生物化学安全提出了更高的要求,为管网的饮用水安全保障提供了理论依据.