基于生态分区的我国湖泊营养盐控制目标研究

为更好地控制我国湖泊的富营养化水平,在五大湖泊生态分区的基础上,对不同生态分区的100个湖泊总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、TN/TP与叶绿素a(Chl-a)的关系进行了分析,进而提出了不同生态分区的湖泊营养盐控制目标.结果表明,五大湖泊生态分区中,东北湖区富营养化水平最低,华北湖区富营养化水平最高,近几年五大湖区湖泊富营养水平呈上升趋势.从TN、TP对五大生态分区湖泊Chl-a浓度的影响看,TP是东北和华北湖区湖泊藻类生长的限制性营养盐,而TN和TP同时是中东部、云贵和蒙新湖区湖泊藻类生长的限制性营养盐.从TN/TP判断,在TN/TP<10的湖泊中,除华北湖区外的其他4个湖区湖泊Chl-a均受TN显著影响;TP仅对东北、蒙新湖区湖泊的Chl-a有显著影响.在TN/TP>17的湖泊中,除蒙新湖区外的其他4个湖区湖泊Chl-a均受TP显著影响,而在中东部、云贵和蒙新湖区,TN对Chl-a也有显著影响.在10相似文献   

Linkages Between Nutrients and Assemblages of Macroinvertebrates and Fish in Wadeable Streams: Implication to Nutrient Criteria Development

We sampled 240 wadeable streams across Wisconsin for different forms of phosphorus and nitrogen, and assemblages of macroinvertebrates and fish to (1) examine how macroinvertebrate and fish measures correlated with the nutrients; (2) quantify relationships between key biological measures and nutrient forms to identify potential threshold levels of nutrients to support nutrient criteria development; and (3) evaluate the importance of nutrients in influencing biological assemblages relative to other physicochemical factors at different spatial scales. Twenty-three of the 35 fish and 18 of the 26 macroinvertebrate measures significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with at least one nutrient measure. Percentages of carnivorous, intolerant, and omnivorous fishes, index of biotic integrity, and salmonid abundance were fish measures correlated with the most nutrient measures and had the highest correlation coefficients. Percentages of Ephemeroptera–Plecoptera–Trichoptera individuals and taxa, Hilsenhoff biotic index, and mean tolerance value were macroinvertebrate measures that most strongly correlated with the most nutrient measures. Selected biological measures showed clear trends toward degradation as concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen increased, and some measures showed clear thresholds where biological measures changed drastically with small changes in nutrient concentrations. Our selected environmental factors explained 54% of the variation in the fish assemblages. Of this explained variance, 46% was attributed to catchment and instream habitat, 15% to nutrients, 3% to other water quality measures, and 36% to the interactions among all the environmental variables. Selected environmental factors explained 53% of the variation in macroinvertebrate assemblages. Of this explained variance, 42% was attributed to catchment and instream habitat, 22% to nutrients, 5% to other water quality measures, and 32% to the interactions among all the environmental variables.     

Developing a Standardized Water Quality Index for Evaluating Surface Water Quality1

Abstract: There is a significant need for a science‐based approach to interpret water‐monitoring data and to facilitate the rapid transfer of information to water resource managers and the general public. The water quality Index (WQI) is defined as a single numeric score that describes the surface water quality condition at a particular time and location. The objective of this paper is to describe the WQI concept and the approach for developing an ecoregion‐specific standardized WQI that meets the needs described above. The premise of the proposed WQI is based on categorizing scientifically documented aquatic life responses to changes in instream water chemistry. The method uses an aggregated procedure that matches the entire range of standardized probable biological responses to standardized narrative water quality evaluation categories and standardized rank score categories. The calculation of WQI and decision‐making process are performed within an Excel spreadsheet software program. The article includes examples of the proposed WQI applications that could enhance effective water resource management and facilitate timely communication of water quality conditions to water resource managers and the general public.     

太子河鱼类群落结构空间分布特征

以辽河流域太子河为例,开展鱼类生态调查,分析鱼类群落的空间分布特征,在此基础上进行鱼类地理分布区域划分.结果表明,太子河鱼类分属2纲9目12科36属44种,符合辽河亚区鱼类的分布特征,其种类繁多,且以纺锤形体型的鲤科鱼类居多.通过CCA(典范对应分析)发现,水深、水体电导率以及ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解固体)和ρ(TN)与鱼类的种类及数量的相关性最大.根据对各采样点鱼类的渔获量、Shannon-Wiener指数的聚类分析,并且结合各采样点的水温、水深、饵料生物组成、岸边植被、底质、流速、土壤等生态环境因素,以及鱼类分布和种群的结构特征,将太子河流域划分为2个生态区,其中A区包括太子河中、上游的流域,涵盖了51个采样点;B区包括19个采样点,主要是太子河下游的绝大部分流域.     

太子河着生藻类群落结构空间分布特征

以辽宁省太子河流域为研究范例,调查了全流域内69个采样点的着生藻类群落和水环境理化特征,并且以着生藻类的群落结构为基础,对太子河流域的水生态系统类型区进行了划分.结果表明,太子河流域着生藻类群落结构具有明显的空间异质性.CCA(典范对应分析)结果显示,驱动全流域着生藻类群落结构形成的水环境因子为电导率、ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解固体)和ρ(TN).基于着生藻类的群落结构特征,将太子河流域划分为3个着生藻类类型区:第1分区为太子河上游的森林多水区,第2分区为中游低山丘陵森林区,第3分区为下游平原农业区.CCA结果还显示,显著影响第1分区、第2分区及第3分区的着生藻类群落结构的环境因子分别为ρ(NO3--N)、ρ(TN)及ρ(总溶解固体)和硬度.     

流域、生态区和景观构架及其在海河流域生态评价中的应用

流域、生态区和景观是评估大尺度区域生态质量的构架,阐述了三者合理结合的理论基础. 流域是解决水生态环境问题的整体性构架,但是流域研究的成果缺乏外推的依据. 生态区提供了合适的外推机制,与流域结合使用,可以解决小尺度成果的尺度上推和预测问题. 景观范围界定的主观随机性,使其可以与行政区、生态区和流域等空间范围结合,用于区域生态质量评估. 以海河流域为例,验证了流域、生态区、景观相结合的区域生态质量评估方法体系,包括3个步骤:流域生态区划分;建立以遥感影像为数据源的景观生态质量评价指标体系,并对生态区内的典型行政区开展景观生态质量评估;将评估结果外推到所在生态区. 以流域生态过程为核心整体统筹各生态区,提出上游山区水土保持、平原节水并修复河流和地下水系统、下游湿地保护并增加入海流量的水生态系统恢复对策.     

Arsenic fractionation and contamination assessment in sediments of thirteen lakes from the East Plain and Yungui Plateau Ecoregions, China

Arsenic（As） fractions in the sediments of seven lakes from East Plain Ecoregion and six lakes from Yungui Plateau Ecoregion, China, were investigated. Results indicated that the total As concentrations in sediment samples of lakes of the East Plain Lake Ecoregion are higher than those of Yungui Plateau Lake Ecoregion. Residual As is the main fraction in sediment samples of lakes from both ecoregions, followed by reducible As and soluble or oxidizable As. The total As is correlated to oxidizable As and residual As in sediment samples from both lake ecoregions. As distribution in sediment samples of lakes of the East Plain Ecoregion appears to be affected by human activity, while the As origin mainly comes from natural sources in sediment samples of lakes in the Yungui Plateau Ecoregion. The potential ecological risk index and geoaccumulation index values suggest ＂low to moderate＂ risk degree and ＂unpolluted to moderately polluted＂ for As in the studied lake sediments.     

基于一级水生态分区辽河流域景观格局时空动态分析

以辽河流域四个一级水生态分区为研究区,基于1990、2000、2005年TM影像,应用GIS技术,采用转移矩阵和景观指数方法,对辽河流域1990～2000年和2000～2005年期间土地利用和景观格局的变化进行了综合分析。结果表明:1990～2000年间水生态Ⅰ区耕地减少显著,减少的耕地主要转变为林地,而2000～2005年间草地面积大幅度减少,减少的草地主要转变为耕地;1990～2000年间水生态Ⅱ区耕地面积大幅度减少,耕地主要转变为草地和林地,2000～2005期间耕地大幅度增加,主要来源于草地;1990到2000年间水生态Ⅲ区耕地面积大幅减少,耕地主要转变为林地,2000～2005年大量林地转变为耕地和建设用地;水生态Ⅳ区包括浑河和太子河流域,其中浑河流域在1990～2000年时期景观格局的变化类型主要是由耕地转变为林地和建设用地,太子河流域耕地主要转变为林地。2000～2005年时期浑太河流域景观格局变化类型主要由减少的林地流向耕地。景观指数分析得到辽河流域景观变化的总体趋势是:形状更加复杂,异质性增加,破碎化程度加剧,尤其以建设用地的破碎度最高,并且有逐年增加的趋势。Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区景观连通性和聚合度在1990～2005年时期呈上升趋势,而在Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区在2000年景观结合度和连通度最低。研究时间内Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ区景观多样性和均匀性指数在前期变化不显著,后期显著上升,Ⅲ区多样性和均匀度最高时期是2000年,1990年和2005年差别不显著。     

Putting People on the Map through an Approach That Integrates Social Data in Conservation Planning

Conservation planning is integral to strategic and effective operations of conservation organizations. Drawing upon biological sciences, conservation planning has historically made limited use of social data. We offer an approach for integrating data on social well‐being into conservation planning that captures and places into context the spatial patterns and trends in human needs and capacities. This hierarchical approach provides a nested framework for characterizing and mapping data on social well‐being in 5 domains: economic well‐being, health, political empowerment, education, and culture. These 5 domains each have multiple attributes; each attribute may be characterized by one or more indicators. Through existing or novel data that display spatial and temporal heterogeneity in social well‐being, conservation scientists, planners, and decision makers may measure, benchmark, map, and integrate these data within conservation planning processes. Selecting indicators and integrating these data into conservation planning is an iterative, participatory process tailored to the local context and planning goals. Social well‐being data complement biophysical and threat‐oriented social data within conservation planning processes to inform decisions regarding where and how to conserve biodiversity, provide a structure for exploring socioecological relationships, and to foster adaptive management. Building upon existing conservation planning methods and insights from multiple disciplines, this approach to putting people on the map can readily merge with current planning practices to facilitate more rigorous decision making. Poner a la Gente en el Mapa por Medio de una Estrategia que Integra Información Social en la Planeación de la Conservación