三峡库区几种林下苔藓的保水功能

通过对三峡库区三种森林类型(松栎混交林、栓皮栎纯林、马尾松纯林)林下苔藓储量调查分析及其持水特性试验，得到不同森林类型林下苔藓储量、最大持水量、吸水速率等水文特征参数。结果表明，马尾松纯林林下苔藓储量最大(12．93t／hm^2)，松栎混交林和栓皮栎纯林林下苔藓储量相同(9．47t／hm^2)。松栎混交林林下苔藓最大持水量为5．36mm，栓皮栎纯林为5．73mm，马尾松纯林为6．26mm。研究结果还表明，三峡库区林下苔藓持水量随时间变化过程与森林类型无关。在只有苔藓覆盖情况下，不同森林类型林内不产生水分下渗和地表径流时的最大降雨量和最大降雨雨强分别为：松栎混交林林地5．36mm，5．820mm／h；马尾松纯林林地6．26mm，7．420mm／h；栓皮栎纯林林地5．73mm，6．060mm／h。     

The Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Zn Deposition Around a Metal Smelter in Latvia

Heavy metal concentrations in Hylocomium splendens collected around a metal smelter in Latvia showed very high concentrations of Zn (>200 g/g), and elevated concentrations of Pb (38.3 g/g) and Cu (18.3 g/g). In an attempt to better evaluate the potential toxicity of the high Zn concentrations, a serial elution method was used to determine the concentrations of zinc in intercellular, extracellular exchangeable cell wall, intracellular, and particle fractions. The intercellular Zn concentrations represent the water soluble component of the total concentrations, and were low with no clear trends. Zn concentrations in the extra- and intracellular and particle fractions decreased exponentially from the pollutant source. Intracellular Zn concentrations in moss close to the emission source are within the range considered to be potentially toxic, from other single element exposure studies. The proportion of Zn in the relatively insoluble particle fraction, which is least associated with environmental risk, was greater closer to the pollution source, reaching > 30% in the oldest Hylocomium splendens segments.     

扬州市不同行政区域空气重金属污染评价

采用活藓监测法,选择广泛分布的小羽藓为材料,对扬州市区、高邮市、仪征市、宝应县4个区域空气中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Hg 7种重金属元素污染情况进行监测.利用污染因子分析法、内梅罗综合指数分析法及重金属污染潜在生态风险评价法对不同区域空气重金属危害等级进行评价.结果表明:Zn、Pb、Cd元素主要污染地区为扬州市区,Cu元素主要污染地区为仪征市,Ni、Hg元素主要污染地区为宝应县,Cr元素主要污染地区为高邮市.4个区域空气重金属均处于重度污染水平,存在强生态风险.就整体而言,7种重金属元素中Cd、Zn、Hg为主要污染元素,污染情况最为严重,而Cu、Ni污染程度相对较轻.区域间空气重金属污染特征差别显著,制造业与港口航运发达的南部仪征市、江都区等地比以农业为主的北部宝应县污染重,污染程度由高到低为扬州市区仪征市高邮市宝应县.     

基于苔藓氮含量及d15N分析探讨农村大气氮沉降状况

2009~2010年在江西抚州市崇仁县10个乡镇采集了85个细叶小羽藓样品,通过对苔藓氮含量及氮同位素(d15N)的测定,估算了该地区大气氮沉降水平,并探讨了大气氮输入的主要来源.结果表明,研究区苔藓平均氮含量变化范围为2.24%~3.43%,其中农业覆盖率较大郭圩乡和礼陂镇苔藓氮含量均超过3%(平均值分别为3.07%、3.43%).研究区大气氮沉降的变化范围为29.62~54.39kg/(hm2·a),反映了大气氮沉降成为农村生态系统氮输入的重要补充.苔藓平均d15N值为-3.11‰~0.078‰,指示研究区主要受农业氨源的影响.崇仁县城区苔藓d15N为-1.7‰,低于其它农业乡镇(d15N为0‰±1‰),表明该地区还受到城市污水和人畜排泄物所释放的氨影响;孙坊镇苔藓d15N 变化范围为-5.89‰~0.61‰,提示大气氮沉降除受到农业排放的氨作用以外,还存在露天垃圾填埋场挥发氨的贡献.     

广西河池锑冶炼区周边苔藓对大气重金属的记录

借助苔藓对广西河池锑冶炼区周边大气中的10种重金属(Sb、Pb、As、Cu、Cd、Mn、Fe、Al、Ba、Sr)的分布迁移规律进行了研究. 结果表明:苔藓可有效反映重金属的沉降. 苔藓中w(Sb)、w(Pb)、w(As)和w(Cd)的范围分别为41.0～5.77×103、1.05×102～1.39×104、25.0～1.07×103和8.00～263 mg/kg,分别是背景值的1.5～213.6、24.5～322.5、3.6～1 980.9和3.2～105.2倍. 元素相关性的主成分分析表明,Sb、Pb、As、Cd和Cu为密切相关的一类元素,来源于原料矿石的冶炼排放;Mn、Fe和Al为第2类,主要来源于燃料煤的释放,此外,Mn还可能来源于城市气溶胶的输送和水泥厂的排放;Ba与Sr为第3类,来源与扬尘有关. 随着采样点与冶炼厂烟囱距离的增加,w(Sb)、w(Pb)、w(As)、w(Cu)和w(Cd)呈非线性下降,可用方程y=ae-x拟合. w(Sb)与w(Pb)的衰减速率相似,而w(As)衰减要快于二者.      

南极菲尔德斯半岛植被微区CO2浓度的监测

在南极苔藓植被的微环境区内 ,CO2 的浓度在 4 73 5mg·m- 3以上 ,大大高于全球CO2 的平均浓度 (3 56mg·m- 3) ,可见苔藓等植被区可能是大气CO2 的源之一 .这与特殊的南极条件下植被的生理生态特性有关 .在苔藓分布区 ,CO2 浓度日变化的主要影响因素是光照和温度 .菲尔德斯半岛变化无常的天气状况使得CO2 浓度昼夜变化规律出现局部波动 ,不同的天气状况也使CO2 浓度发生变化 .研究表明 :光照条件是CO2 浓度变化的主导影响因素 ,从CO2 浓度的季节变化中可以看出 ,CO2 浓度变化与大气温度呈负相关 ;与降水量和空气相对湿度呈正相关 .本文首次给出了极地环境下植被微区的CO2 浓度变化及其影响因素 ,为极地温室气体的研究提供了新的材料     

Adsorption characteristics of Cu and Ni on Irish peat moss

Peat has been widely used as a low cost adsorbent to remove a variety of materials including organic compounds and heavy metals from water. Various functional groups in lignin allow such compounds to bind on active sites of peat. The adsorption of Cu(2+) and Ni(2+) from aqueous solutions on Irish peat moss was studied both as a pure ion and from their binary mixtures under both equilibrium and dynamic conditions in the concentration range of 5-100mg/L. The pH of the solutions containing either Cu(2+) or Ni(2+) was varied over a range of 2-8. The adsorption of Cu(2+) and Ni(+2) on peat was found to be pH dependent. The adsorption data could be fitted to a two-site Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity of peat was determined to be 17.6 mg/g for Cu(2+) and 14.5mg/g for Ni(2+) at 298 K when the initial concentration for both Cu(2+) and Ni(2+) was 100mg/L, and the pH of the solution was 4.0 and 4.5, respectively. Column studies were conducted to generate breakthrough data for both pure component and binary mixtures of copper and nickel. Desorption experiments showed that 2mM EDTA solution could be used to remove all of the adsorbed copper and nickel from the bed.     

Bags with oven-dried moss for the active monitoring of airborne trace elements in urban areas

To define a harmonized methodology for the use of moss and lichen bags as active monitoring devices of airborne trace elements in urban areas, we evaluated the element accumulation in bags exposed in Naples in different spring weather conditions for 6- and 12-weeks. Three different pre-exposure treatments were applied to moss and lichen materials: water-washing, acid-washing and oven-drying. During the different exposure periods in the Naples urban environment the moss accumulated always higher amounts of elements (except Hg) than lichens and the element accumulation increased during wetter weather and higher PM₁₀ conditions. The oven pre-treatment did not substantially modify the morphology and element composition of moss and the exposure in bags of this material for 6-weeks was sufficient to detect the pattern of airborne trace elements.     

A System to Monitor Climate Change with Epilithic Lichens

The issue of biological monitoring of the local consequences of anticipated global climate change is considered for the Central Negev Highlands, Israel. Epilithic lichens are suggested as biological monitors. The proposed methodology of such monitoring consists of a sampling scheme, including lichen measurement along transects on flat calcareous rocks, and construction of a trend detection index (TDI). TDI is a sum of lichen species cover with coefficients chosen so as to ensure maximum ability to detect global climate trends. Coefficients have been estimated in a study of lichens along an altitudinal gradient from 500 to 1000 m a.s.l. The gradient study demonstrated that the TDI index is performed better than other integrated indices. Recommendations on this system to monitor climate change with epilthic lichens are given. Measuring, for instance, a hundred transects in fifty plots (two transet per plot scheme) allows one to detect a climate-driven change in the epilithic lichen community corresponding to a 0.8 °C shift in annual mean temperature. Such resolution appears sufficient in view of global warming of 2.5 °C considered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as a realistic prediction for the end of the next century.     

extended study of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in lithuania based on moss analysis

The use of different moss species – Hylocomium splendens,Pleurozium schreberi, Eurhynchium angustirete, Sphagnum and Rhytidiadelphus – was tested for the investigation of atmosphericheavy metal deposition. Maps representing heavy metal depositionpattern in Lithuania are presented for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and V.The most suitable species for heavy metal deposition studies was Hylocomium splendens in which the concentrations of metalswere found to be up to 25% higher than in other species. Interspeciesand interelemental comparison was also performed. Several well definedlocal pollution sources were identified.