Terpenes and phenolics in response to nitrogen fertilization: A test of the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis

Nitrogen fertilization resulted in a linear increase in the growth ofAbies grandis seedlings, but linear decrease in foliage concentrations of phenolic compounds. These data are consistent with the inverse relationship between growth and production of carbonbased secondary chemicals predicted by the carbon/nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. However, in contrast to predictions of the CNB hypothesis, nitrogen fertilization had no effect on foliage terpene concentrations. The results suggest that not all carbon-based chemicals respond in the same manner to environmental variation, and that the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis does not adequately explain all patterns of environmentally-induced variation in secondary metabolism.     

长期不同施肥方式对江南稻田系统生产力与抗逆性的影响

依据29 a的田间施肥小区试验和4 a的养分耗竭盆栽试验,比较分析了不同施肥方式对江南丘陵稻田生产力及抗逆性的综合影响。结果表明,有机无机肥配施(NPK+OM处理)方式下,双季稻各季和周年生产力最高,其周年平均生物量和籽粒产量比化肥氮磷钾配施(NPK处理)高24.5%和20.2%。与单施氮肥相比,化肥氮磷钾配施显著提高了双季稻的氮素利用效率,而适量增施有机氮能够进一步提高氮素利用效率。化肥单施方式(N和NPK处理)下水稻周年籽粒产量呈递减趋势,下降幅度分别为43.7和1.8 kg.hm-2.a-1,而有机无机肥配施方式下水稻周年籽粒产量呈递增趋势,上升幅度为6.9 kg.hm-2.a-1。平衡施肥方式(NPK和NPK+OM处理)下,水稻各季及周年籽粒产量的年际变异较小,可持续性产量指数和系统生产力稳定性较高。养分耗竭试验4 a后,各处理水稻各季及周年生物量和籽粒产量高低基本表现为NPK+OM>NPK>N,试验期内周年籽粒平均产量以有机无机肥配施处理最高,说明有机无机肥配施的稻田土壤耐瘠能力高于其他施肥处理。可见,有机无机肥配施不仅能使稻田系统持续保持较高的生产力,而且能够提升系统的抗逆性,有利于江南丘陵稻田系...     

2,2’,4,4’-和3,3’,4,4’-四氯联苯(TCB)对小白鼠体外受精的影响(英文)

采用体外受精技术评价环境污染物 2 ,2’ ,4,4’ 和 3,3’ ,4,4’ 四氯联苯对小白鼠卵母细胞受精能力和 2 细胞胚胎发育的毒性作用 .实验结果表明 :ρ(PCB) =0 .1,1.0 ,10 .0mg/mL的 2 ,2’ ,4,4’ 和 3,3’ ,4,4’ 四氯联苯均显著降低小白鼠卵母细胞的受精能力 ;ρ(PCB) =1.0 ,10 .0mg/mL的 2 ,2’ ,4,4’ 和 3,3’ ,4,4’ 四氯联苯使卵母细胞的退化率和 2 细胞的畸形率显著增加 ;两种四氯联苯对小白鼠卵母细胞体外受精能力、退化率和 2 细胞胚胎的畸形率无统计差异 .表 2参 2 5     

施肥与设施栽培措施对土壤微生物区系的影响

微生物肥料的施用能显著增加土壤中放线菌的数量，而降低细菌和霉菌的数量；施用有机肥对土壤微生物有较大的影响，其中，有机肥与无机肥，有机肥与生物肥配合施用的影响尤为明显，与对照相比，土壤中细菌数量分别增加109．8％和405．0％，放线菌数量分别增加320．3％和215．0％，而真菌数量分别降低44．0％和47．2％。大棚栽培条件下土壤微生物数量高于露地；在大棚中，种植年限长的土壤微生物数量低于种植年限短的。     

信息技术在农田施肥管理中的应用

综述了目前国外精准农业的主要技术理论,着重围绕其在农田施肥管理中的应用,讨论基于GPS、GIS应用的农田施肥管理系统的开发和应用,提出精准农业技术理论在我国农田施肥管理中的应用设想。     

闽东南旱地土壤养分状况与花生平衡施肥研究

２８个土壤样品的养分测定和吸附试验以及８个田间肥效试验表明，闽东南旱地土壤的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｂ是花生的普遍养分限制因子．部分土壤还缺乏Ｚｎ和Ｍｇ等养分．赤砂土的肥料三要素最佳用量分别为Ｎ５４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、Ｐ２Ｏ５５５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、Ｋ２Ｏ８７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；红壤性水稻土为Ｎ５２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、Ｐ２Ｏ５６３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、Ｋ２Ｏ９２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；海砂土为Ｎ９４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、Ｐ２Ｏ５４２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、Ｋ２Ｏ８５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２．１０个对比试验表明，花生平衡施肥比群众常规施肥平均增产４７１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，增产率为１４．９％，每ｈｍ２净增收２０５３元．     

不同施肥措施对棉田土壤磷细菌及磷转化强度的影响

研究了不同施肥措施对棉田土壤磷细菌的数量、分布、动态变化及磷转化强度的影响.结果表明,有机肥合理配施N、P、K肥能有效的促进磷细菌的生长发育,磷细菌数量及活性增加,从而增强磷的有效性,改善土壤的供磷性能,有利于棉花生长.     

亚铵法制浆黑液作肥料对水环境影响的研究

通过亚铵法制浆蒸煮黑液直接作农肥施于水稻田的研究,给出了不同施肥方式连续数天田间水和渗滤水中黑液污染物变化情况,定量描述了黑液作肥料直接施于水稻田对水环境的影响。     

不同农田土壤养分可持续性指数的研究

讨论了不同农田土壤碳、氮、磷、钾养分的可持续性指数。结果表明,不同施肥方式、不同土壤类型对碳、氮养分可持续性指数的影响表现为有机肥配施化肥处理＞有机肥处理＞化肥处理,潮土＞水稻土＞红壤;对磷、钾养分表现为化肥处理＞有机肥配施化肥处理＞有机肥处理,水稻土＞潮土＞红壤。相关分析表明,土壤养分可持续性指数与土壤养分相关或极相关。这表明,土壤养分可持续性指数可以用来评价土壤肥力和指示土壤养分的动态变化。     

EFFECTS OF FOREST FERTILIZATION ON STREAM WATER CHEMISTRY IN THE APPALACHIANS1

ABSTRACT: Stream water chemistry was monitored on two watersheds on the Fernow Experimental Forest in north-central West Virginia to determine the effects of forest fertilization on annual nutrient exports. Ammonium nitrate and triple superphosphate were applied simultaneously at rates of 336 kg ha^?1 N and 224 kg ha^?1 P₂O₅, respectively, which are similar to rates used in commercial forest operations. The treatment significantly increased outputs of several ions. Annual outputs of nitrate N increased as much as 18 times over pretreatment levels, and calcium and magnesium increased as much as three times over pretreatment levels the first year after fertilization. Outputs for these nutrients were elevated for all three post-treatment years. Although nitrate N increased significantly, only about 20 percent of the applied fertilizer was accounted for in stream water exports. Outputs of phosphate P declined following fertilization, probably because the watersheds are phosphorus deficient, but by the third year, they slightly exceeded predicted values. Estimated nutrient losses to deep seepage were substantial, especially on the leakier south-facing catchmeat, on which some nutrient losses were equal to or greater than those in stream water. When the nutrient exports associated with both stream discharge and ground water recharge were combined, the percentages of applied N that were lost were similar on the two watersheds, averaging 27.5 percent. Less than 1 percent of the applied P was lost from either watershed in the combination of streamflow and deep seepage.