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Liang Chen Syed H. Imam Sherald H. Gordon Richard V. Greene 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1997,5(2):111-117
Starch-PVOH cast films were prepared with and without crosslinking agent (hexamethoxymethylmelamine) in the absence of plasticizer.
Moisture absorption in films without crosslinking agent at a low relative humidity was similar to that of PVOH and increased
as the relative humidity increased. Films with crosslinking agent showed moisture absorption linearly proportional to the
relative humidity. Significant improvement in resistance to water disintegration for crosslinked starch-PVOH films was observed.
While the tensile strength decreased with increased relative humidity, crosslinking significantly improved the tensile strength.
Increased PVOH content improved elongation of films even when the relative humidity was 80% or higher. Biodegradation studies
revealed that the degradation rate was negatively correlated with the PVOH content in films and crosslinking generated more
converged degradation curves.
Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard
of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also
be suitable. 相似文献
5.
从废感光胶片中回收银 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究了以Fe3 -乙二胺四乙酸二钠-N a2S2O3体系为浸取剂从废感光胶片中回收银的方法,考察了浸出银的最佳工艺条件。实验表明,当浸取剂中FeC l3.6H2O质量浓度为35g/L、N a2S2O3.5H2O质量浓度为150g/L、pH为7、固液质量比为3∶10时,浸取剂可重复使用6次,胶片上银的浸出率可达99%以上;浸取液中的银采用硼氢化钠还原回收,粗银粉配以熔剂高温熔炼可得到纯度达99.78%的银,银回收率达96.88%,回收银后的浸取液可循环使用。 相似文献
6.
Nugraha E. Suyatma Alain Copinet Lan Tighzert Veronique Coma 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2004,12(1):1-6
Biodegradable film blends of chitosan with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were prepared by solution mixing and film casting. The main goal of these blends is to improve the water vapor barrier of chitosan by blending it with a hydrophobic biodegradable polymer from renewable resources. Mechanical properties of obtained films were assessed by tensile test. Thermal properties, water barrier properties, and water sensitivity were studied by differential scanning calorimeter analysis, water vapor permeability measurements, and surface-angle contact tests, respectively. The incorporation of PLA to chitosan improved the water barrier properties and decreased the water sensitivity of chitosan film. However, the tensile strength and elastic modulus of chitosan decreased with the addition of PLA. Mechanical and thermal properties revealed that chitosan and PLA blends are incompatible, consistent with the results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis that showed the absence of specific interaction between chitosan and PLA. 相似文献
7.
New Metal Emission Patterns in Road Traffic Environments 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
The increased awareness of traffic as a major diffuse metal emission source emphasizes the need for more detailed information
on the various traffic-related sources and how and where the metals are dispersed. In this study, metal emission patterns
in the road traffic environment were examined from the perspective of different surrounding factors, e.g. the importance of
intersections, deceleration, vehicle speed and traffic density. A total of 148 topsoil samples from 18 south Swedish roads
were analysed (using GFAAS) for traffic-emitted metals, i.e. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn. The roadside topsoil metal concentrations
were used to examine correlations between metals and surrounding factors. The studied metals were divided into three groups
corresponding to different emission sources: metals from decelerating activities (Cu, Sb and Zn), metals as historical residues
from the combustion of petrol (Pb and Cd), and non-source-specific metals (Cr and Ni). It was found that Cu and Sb, despite
their rather short history as traffic-emitted metals, have increased more than eightfold in roadside soils compared to background
levels. The major source of road traffic related Cu and Sb is brake linings. The significant increase of Cu and Sb in roadside
topsoil stresses the need for metal transport studies as well as effect studies of these metals. Metals emitted due to decelerating
activities were not correlated to elevated concentrations near road junctions. Emission patterns of traffic-related metals
alongside roads are crucial in order to be able to evaluate the optimal localization of storm water treatment ponds. 相似文献
8.
金水河流域矿物元素生物地球化学交换模式 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过对金水河流域矿物元素生物地球化学交换模式的研究,得到以下结论:(1)在不同空间位置的矿物元素对河水的水质贡献率不相同。河水成分贡献主要来源于硅酸盐风化,在金水河流域生态系统不同空间位置矿物元素对河水水质贡献率方程为:YRiverwater=0.242+0.203 XRain+0172 XLitter+0.471 XSoilwater(r2=0.55)。(2)固-液相界面(土壤-土壤水溶液)离子交换过程拟合表明:离子交换过程符合二、三次曲线模型。(3)区域内碳酸盐岩含较少的Na+和K+,且受酸雨等影响。Na+在土壤-土壤溶液之间的分配行为可能加重土壤盐碱化的趋势。土壤和枯枝落叶层HCO3-和TDS值均处于稳定的范围内。(4)输入性污染分析表明,流域内土壤基本表现出物理性质改善;但却表现出贫养化和生物地球化学性质恶化的极化趋势。人为活动输入污染物影响显著,在全球变化背景下,酸雨和干旱加剧了水溶液组成的变化。 相似文献
9.
Assessment of population exposure to particulate matter pollution in Chongqing, China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wang S Zhao Y Chen G Wang F Aunan K Hao J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(1):247-256
To determine the population exposure to PM(10) in Chongqing, China, we developed an indirect model by combining information on the time activity patterns of various demographic subgroups with estimates of the PM(10) concentrations in different microenvironments (MEs). The spatial and temporal variations of the exposure to PM(10) were illustrated in a geographical information system (GIS). The population weighted exposure (PWE) for the entire population was 229, 155 and 211 microg/m(3), respectively, in winter, summer and as the annual average. Indoor PM(10) level at home was the largest contributor to the PWE, especially for the rural areas where high pollution levels were found due to solid fuels burning. Elder people had higher PM(10) exposure than adults and youth, due to more time spent in indoor MEs. The highest health risk due to particulate was found in the city zone and northeast regions, suggesting that pollution abatement should be prioritized in these areas. 相似文献
10.
Nutrient transfer functions: the site of integration between feeding behaviour and nutritional physiology 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Summary. We describe and extend a graphical approach to quantitative nutrition that focuses on the interplay between behavioural and
physiological components of nutritional regulation. The site of integration is the nutrient transfer function, which is the
function describing the time course of nutrient transfer between serially connected nutritional compartments (e.g., from the gut to the blood). The relationship between the shape of the nutrient transfer function and the temporal patterns
of feeding determines the values of two key quantitative parameters of nutrition: the rate ('power') and the efficiency of nutrient acquisition. The approach can be extended to consider, in addition to the short-term behavioural and physiological
decisions made by animals, some ecological determinants and longer-term, life history consequences of such decisions. Most
importantly, this category of models can provide insights into the interplay among the various nutrients in an animal's diet.
We illustrate this using hypothetical examples, and also present preliminary data for the power-efficiency relationships of
protein and digestible carbohydrates in locusts. Finally, we consider existing evidence for the various means available to
these and other insects for regulating such relationships.
Received 24 September 1997; accepted 9 December 1997. 相似文献