黄浦江流域典型污水中不同粒径胶体的三维荧光光谱特征

基于切向流超滤系统及三维荧光光谱技术,对黄浦江流域典型污水(即生活污水及农业污水)中的胶体进行粒径分级及三维荧光光谱特性分析.结果表明,所选水样的胶体质量浓度及胶体态有机碳质量浓度分别为9.60~32.50 mg·L~(-1)和0.03~6.25 mg·L~(-1),二者均随粒径的增加而呈递增趋势.不同粒径分级胶体的三维荧光图谱表现为类蛋白荧光峰(峰D和峰T)及类腐殖质荧光峰(峰C和峰A)这4个荧光峰,其中类蛋白荧光峰主要存在于M_r1×10~3~5×10~3分级胶体中,类腐殖质荧光峰主要存在于M_r10×10~3~300×10~3分级胶体中.同时,通过表征胶体荧光光谱特性的荧光指数,包括FI值、腐殖化指数HIX及生源指数BIX,分析了所选胶体的来源及光谱特性.结果表明,小粒径胶体主要为陆源来源,芳香性及腐殖化程度较高;而大粒径胶体自生源比重大,类蛋白物质是其主要成分.     

天然水体中多壁纳米碳管对纳米氧化锌颗粒团聚与沉降行为的影响

研究了淡水湖泊水体中氧化多壁纳米碳管(Oxidized-multiwalled carbon nanotubes,o-MWCNTs)对纳米氧化锌(ZnO nanoparticles,nZnO)颗粒团聚与沉降行为的影响,探讨了天然胶体及o-MWCNTs的浓度对nZnO颗粒团聚粒径、团聚速率及沉降行为的作用.结果表明,nZnO在天然水体中会发生明显沉降,相比去除天然胶体的天然水而言,天然胶体的存在显著减少了nZnO的沉降.这主要归因于nZnO-天然胶体颗粒间的作用能垒高于nZnO-nZnO颗粒间的作用能垒,使得天然胶体的存在降低了nZnO-nZnO之间的颗粒碰撞效率,从而促进nZnO悬浮.o-MWCNTs对nZnO在天然水体中沉降行为的影响与天然胶体密切相关.相比于nZnO的单独沉降,在不过膜天然水中(含天然胶体),低浓度o-MWCNTs的存在增加了颗粒间的团聚速率,从而促进nZnO的沉降,而高浓度o-MWCNTs降低了颗粒间的团聚速率和团聚体粒径,从而降低了nZnO的沉降.而在过膜天然水中(不含天然胶体),o-MWCNTs的存在显著降低了颗粒间的团聚粒径和团聚速率,从而降低了nZnO的沉降,且o-MWCNTs的浓度越高,对nZnO悬浮稳定性的促进作用越明显.     

The Effect of Grain Size and Element Concentration in Identifying Contaminant Sources

The distribution of metal contaminants between different size fractions of marine sediments is well known. However, the use of size normalization techniques may alter the ability or usefulness in identifying potential sources in complex environments. In a reassessment of metal data from the shelf area of Sydney, Australia, the mud and sand fractions were investigated separately by PCA and PLS methodologies. The analyses were able to produce clear distinctions between industrial/urban sources when based on a suite of metals rather than individual (single-element) concentrations. Signature analysis by PLS with copper, lead, zinc, manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, and cadmium demonstrated the dispersion of the fine-grained contaminated material to the south in the East Australian Current. However, due to the commonality between many of the metals, a subset of four metals was used to define the signature. This significantly improved separation, showing clear plumes extending ～30 km from the source rivers.     

Dynamic nano-Ag colloids cytotoxicity to and accumulation by Escherichia coli: Effects of Fe3+, ionic strength and humic acid

Released Ag ions or/and Ag particles are believed to contribute to the cytotoxicity of Ag nanomaterials, and thus, the cytotoxicity and mechanism of Ag nanomaterials should be dynamic in water due to unfixed Ag particle:Ag⁺ ratios. Our recent research found that the cytotoxicity of PVP-Ag nanoparticles is attributable to Ag particles alone in 3 hr bioassays, and shifts to both Ag particles and released Ag⁺ in 48 hr bioassays. Herein, as a continued study, the cytotoxicity and accumulation of 50 and 100 nm Ag colloids in Escherichia coli were determined dynamically. The cytotoxicity and mechanisms of nano-Ag colloids are dynamic throughout exposure and are derived from both Ag ions and particles. Ag accumulation by E. coli is derived mainly from extracellular Ag particles during the initial 12 hr of exposure, and thereafter mainly from intracellular Ag ions. Fe³⁺ accelerates the oxidative dissolution of nano-Ag colloids, which results in decreasing amounts of Ag particles and particle-related toxicity. Na⁺ stabilizes nano-Ag colloids, thereby decreasing the bioavailability of Ag particles and particle-related toxicity. Humic acid (HA) binds Ag⁺ to form Ag⁺-HA, decreasing ion-related toxicity and binding to the E. coli surface, decreasing particle-related toxicity. HA in complex conditions showed a stronger relative contribution to toxicity and accumulation than Na⁺ or Fe³⁺. The results highlighted the cytotoxicity and mechanism of nano-Ag colloids are dynamic and affected by environmental factors, and therefore exposure duration and water chemistry should be seriously considered in environmental and health risk assessments.     

裂解温度和离子强度对不同来源生物炭胶体释放行为的影响

近年来环境中生物炭胶体形成受到广泛关注,它是生物炭在环境中物理分解作用的重要过程,对污染物迁移有着重要影响.然而,目前对生物炭胶体释放过程和影响因素的研究甚少,人们对生物炭胶体释放机理的认识还很有限.本研究以小麦秸秆和花生壳为生物质来源,系统地探讨了生物炭的裂解温度（300~700 ℃）和溶液离子强度（0.1~10 mmol·L^-1）对生物炭胶体产率的影响.结果表明,随着裂解温度的升高,生物炭的耐磨性增强,且在较高的裂解温度下（≥500 ℃）花生壳生物炭的耐磨性显著强于小麦秸秆生物炭.生物炭的胶体产率受到生物质来源和裂解温度的显著影响,花生壳生物炭的胶体产率低于小麦秸秆生物炭,高温裂解（≥600 ℃）生物炭的胶体产率显著低于中低温裂解生物炭.在相同溶液离子强度下,生物炭胶体产率与其亚微米级碎片率呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,即生物炭中亚微米级碎片率越高,生物炭胶体产率越高.当溶液离子强度从1 mmol·L^-1增加到10 mmol·L^-1时,两种来源生物炭的胶体产率均显著降低,其降低的程度因生物炭裂解温度而异,其中低温裂解（300 ℃）生物炭的胶体产率降低了11.1%~11.2%,中高温裂解（≥ 500 ℃）生物炭的胶体产率降低了60.0%~97.2%.     

长江口滨岸及近海水体中胶体的分布和理化性质研究

利用切向流超滤技术(CFUF)分离出长江口滨岸及近海水体中的胶体,并对其稳定性和物质组成进行了定量分析.结果表明,XP和WSK胶体的尺寸和Zeta-电位随pH的升高而减小,XP、WSK胶体的等电点分别出现在pH<2、pH=3.8;所采水样的胶体有机碳(COC,M r1×103~1μm)浓度为7.7~35.7μmol·L-1,占总溶解有机碳(DOC)的7.1%~41.7%;三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)分析发现研究区出现类色氨酸荧光峰、类紫外富里酸荧光峰和类腐殖质荧光峰;胶体态Na、Mg、K、Ca、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Li、Mn、Ni平均分别占溶解态的0.33%、5.7%、0.975%、1%、7.2%、7%、11.9%、15.7%、5.5%、10.5%、11.3%.Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Li、Mn、Ni与COC的结合能力大于Na、Mg、K、Ca.相关分析表明,胶体的尺寸、DOC、真溶解有机碳(UOC)与盐度呈负相关,COC与盐度无线性关系,胶体态痕量金属(Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Li、Mn、Ni)总浓度与COC呈线性关系.     

CrⅥ adsorption on four typical soil colloids: equilibrium and kinetics

It is observed that the adsorption of chromium are greater on kaolinite minerals, red soil (R) and laterite (L) colloids than that on montmorillonite, indicotic black (IB) and yellow brown (YB) soil colloids. The adsorption process of CrⅥ on these media can be further described by Langmuir or Freundlich equation quite well. The adsorption reaction of CrⅥ is fast, and the adsorption equilibrium can be reached within the first two hours in moderate temperature. The adsorption quantity of CrⅥ to kaolinite mineral increased with the increasing pH in the range of 2.0 to 7.0, then decreased at higher pH. But it showed some consistence among the four soil colloids. The lower the pH, the stronger the adsorption. The possible mechanisms are further discussed here. Meanwhile the influence of temperature on CrⅥ adsorption on different soil colloid and clay minerals are also investigated.     

非均性多孔介质中生物炭胶体的迁移行为研究

生物炭颗粒在多孔介质中的迁移行为不仅决定了其在环境中的归趋,也极大地影响了被吸附污染物的环境行为.以往的研究主要集中在生物炭胶体在均性多孔介质中的迁移行为,但实际环境介质通常是非均性的,目前对生物炭胶体在非均性多孔介质中的迁移行为知之甚少.本研究采用两种不同粒径的石英砂构建了上下两层非均性填充柱（上层细颗粒,下层粗颗粒）,研究了生物炭胶体在非均性多孔介质中的迁移和截留行为,考察了溶液离子强度和pH对生物炭胶体迁移能力的影响.研究结果表明在非均性多孔介质中,生物炭胶体具有很高的迁移能力,在离子强度为1~50 mmol·L^-1,pH为4.0~11.0条件下,生物炭胶体的迁移率达40.2%~88.0%.非均性介质中生物炭胶体的截留曲线表现为非单调型曲线,截留量峰值往往出现在细-粗石英砂的交界面处（细石英砂侧）,这与非均性介质中显著的电荷异质性、介质尺寸异质性和迁移过程中传质通量异质性有关.生物炭胶体在上层细石英砂中的截留量显著大于其在下层粗石英砂中的截留量,表明上层细石英砂是影响生物炭胶体迁移行为的关键层.随着溶液离子强度增加,生物炭胶体自团聚作用增强,其与石英砂介质间界面作用能垒降低,因而生物炭胶体的迁移能力减弱.由于生物炭胶体与细石英砂间的物理张力作用趋于显著,增加离子强度提高了生物炭胶体在上层细石英砂中的截留比率.中性和碱性条件下生物炭胶体的迁移能力较强,而在酸性条件下,生物炭胶体表面电负性显著降低,团聚体粒径增大,生物炭胶体的迁移能力较弱.降低溶液pH增加了生物炭胶体在上层细石英砂中的截留比率.本研究的结果将有利于人们更好地了解生物炭胶体在复杂多孔介质中的迁移行为,为全面评估生物炭的潜在环境风险提供理论支持.     

纳米TiO_2晶体胶体在居室净化中的应用研究

纳米二氧化钛晶体胶体膜的光催化降解研究实验表明,在普通的日光灯下,经过72h的照射,苯与甲苯的降解率分别为96.7%和97.7%,乙硫醇、甲醛与氨几乎100%降解。实际居室环境实验应用研究结果显示,经过纳米二氧化钛胶体处理后的居室,一周后其空气质量达到相应国家标准。因此,纳米二氧化钛胶体形成的纳米晶体膜对空气污染净化是非常有效的,并具有良好的杀菌防霉效果。     

四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的表面吸附和分配作用特征

以采自内蒙古霍林河煤矿的煤样为研究对象,通过模拟实验研究了四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的吸附行为,重点探讨了温度、p H值和离子强度对四溴双酚A在煤胶体上表面吸附和分配作用的影响.结果表明:煤胶体对四溴双酚A的吸附过程可由Freundlich表面吸附-分配复合模型很好地描述.随着温度的升高,四溴双酚A在煤胶体上吸附的分配作用和表面吸附同样都有所下降,但温度的升高对分配作用的影响程度较大.p H值主要影响四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的分配作用,在p H值为9时,四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的吸附以表面吸附为主,其对总吸附量的贡献率为97.5%;而在p H值为6~8时,则以分配作用为主,其对总吸附量的贡献率为64.0%~78.9%.Ca~(2+)浓度为0.001~0.1 mol·L~(-1)时,离子强度对于四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的表面吸附和分配作用均影响较小.