小流域前置库表层沉积物农药分布特征及影响因素

利用LC-MS检测了高铺小河及前置库不同水文期15个表层水体及沉积物中8种常用农药,探讨了表层沉积物农药的分布特征、影响因素及沉积物-水交换行为。结果表明:研究区表层水体和沉积物中阿特拉津等8种农药都有检出,季节性变化从高到低依次为丰水期>平水期>枯水期;表层沉积物农药分布特征显示前置库对农药有明显削减作用;表层沉积物中所检农药的分布受TOC及粒径分布的影响。沉积物-水交换行为研究表明:高埔小河前置库主要通过颗粒沉降作用去除水中农药类有机污染物,沉积物农药作为二次污染源对上覆水风险性较小。     

Sources, distribution, and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in Nairobi City, Kenya

The distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in air and surface waters were monitored in Nairobi City using triolein-filled semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The SPMDs were extracted by dialysis using n-hexane, followed by cleanup by adsorption chromatography on silica gel cartridges. Sample analysis was done by GC-ECD and confirmed by GC–MS. Separation of means was achieved by analysis of variance, followed by pair-wise comparison using the t-test (p≤ 0.05). The total OCPs ranged between 0.018 – 1.277 ng/m³ in the air and <LOD – 1391.000 ng/m³ in surface waters. Based on the results, the means of Industrial Area, Dandora and Kibera were not significantly different (p≤ 0.05), but were higher (p≤ 0.05) than those of City square and Ngong’ Forest. The results revealed non-significant (p≤ 0.05) contribution of long-range transport to OCP pollution in Nairobi City. This indicated possible presence of point sources of environmental OCPs in the city. The water-air fugacity ratios indicated that volatilization and deposition played an important role in the spatial distribution of OCPs in Nairobi City. This indicated that contaminated surface waters could be major sources of human exposure to OCPs, through volatilization. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) determined from inhalation of atmospheric OCPs were 2.3745  ×  10^?13 – 1.6845  ×  10^?11 (adult) and 5.5404  ×  10^?13 – 3.9306  ×  10^?11 (child) in the order: Dandora > Kibera > Industrial Area > City Square > Ngong’ Forest. However, these were lower than the USEPA acceptable risks, 10^?6 – 10^?4. This study concluded that atmospheric OCPs did not pose significant cancer risks to the residents.     

鄂东鸭儿湖地区大气中有机氯农药特征及土-气交换

采用聚氨酯泡沫-被动采样法（PUF-PAS）采集鸭儿湖地区大气样,研究典型污染源地区大气中有机氯农药（OCPs）组成、来源及土-气交换现状。鸭儿湖地区大气中OCPs主要组成为艾氏剂（Aldrin）、滴滴涕（DDTs）、六六六（HCHs）、六氯苯（HCB）、甲氧滴滴涕（Methoxychlor）和a-硫丹（α-Endosulfan）,约占OCPs总量的84%。较高浓度Aldrin（平均浓度为161.25 pg/m³）广泛存在应引起高度重视。HCHs（平均浓度为89.64 pg/m³）和DDTs（平均浓度为92.29 pg/m³）普遍存在且含量高,污染程度比较明显。HCHs异构体中β-HCH高于α-HCH,远远高于γ-HCH和δ-HCH,说明HCHs经过长期降解已逐渐稳定下来;来源分析推测存在工业HCHs的使用或者受大气长距离传输影响。DDTs在各点位分布明显不同于HCHs,且各点位DDTs的六种组成均存在很大差别,可能由于点位地理位置以及农药使用情况导致;来源分析推测大气中DDTs主要来自历史残留。鸭儿湖地区OCPs土气交换研究表明,HCHs主要表现为从大气向土壤中沉降;DDTs在大多数点位源于土壤中历史残留的挥发,部分点位受到大气长距离传输影响。     

天津污灌区苯并(a)芘的分布和迁移通量模型

建立了估算苯并 (a)芘在天津污灌区气、水、土壤及沉积物相间的迁移通量和浓度分布的逸度模型框架 ,利用通量资料作为模型输入 ,利用实测浓度数据验证了模型的可靠性 .结果表明 ,模型对大气、地表水、土壤和沉积物中浓度的估算大体吻合 ,沉积物和土壤是苯并 (a)芘的主要环境归宿 ,而大气中的平衡浓度相对较低 ,水体及土壤中的苯并 (a)芘可能通过作物和鱼体富集而进入生态系统 .     

Environmental Persistence of Chemicals

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.008 Background The hazard criterion of persistence as it applies to chemicals in the environment is reviewed and discussed. This quantity can not be measured directly in the environment, thus it must be estimated using models that synthesise information on chemical half-lives and partitioning properties, the nature of the environment and how the chemical is released into the environment. Main Features It is suggested that the preferred criterion is the average residence time of the chemical in the environment, i.e. conceptually the sum of the life-times of all molecules (attributable only to losses by degrading reactions) divided by the number of molecules. If all chemical fate processes are first order, this persistence is independent of the quantity of chemical introduced and whether introduction is steady- or unsteady-state in nature. It is shown that in a multimedia environment persistence is affected not only by degradation kinetics, but also by mode-of-entry and partitioning. For screening level purposes a Level II equilibrium model may be adequate but a Level III model is generally preferable for estimating the average persistence. If a distribution of persistences is required a dynamic Level IV model must be used. Discussion The implications for regulating chemicals on the basis of persistence are discussed. Conclusion It is concluded that the preferred strategy is to use Level II, III, and IV models and that the use of only degradation kinetics or media-specific half-lives can be misleading and uneconomical.     

估算天津环境中γ-HCH归宿的逸度模型

以全天津市为研究区域,利用稳态假设的逸度模型,用Matlab软件计算了γ-HCH(林丹)在环境各相中的浓度和相间迁移通量.γ-HCH在天津气、水、土壤、沉积物、鱼、作物、蔬菜各相中的浓度分别为1.57×10^-11、7.95×10^-7、1.17 × 10^-4、4.58×10^-4、6.03×10^-4、1.60×10^-4和6.42×10^-5mol/m³,在数量级上与实测值吻合很好.估算结果表明农业施用和农药厂废水是该地区环境中γ-HCH最主要的来源,最大的汇是土壤和沉积相(占环境中总量的99%),最主要的迁移过程是水-沉、气-土的扩散和沉降,土壤和沉积物中的降解是γ-HCH消失的最主要途径.     

福建泉州湾有机氯农药的多介质迁移与归趋

以α-HCH与p,p'-DDT为主要研究对象,以泉州湾及其重要汇水流域--晋江流域为研究区域,构建了Level Ⅲ多介质非平衡稳态逸度模型,对该区域α-HCH与p,p'-DDT在各环境相中浓度、容纳能力、储量分布及各相间的迁移通量进行了计算分析,并对模型关键输入参数的灵敏度进行了探讨.结果显示：α-HCH与p,p'-DDT在土壤相,水相以及沉积物相中的模拟计算浓度与野外样品实测平均浓度吻合度较高,验证了模型的有效性;当研究系统达到平衡时,环境各相对α-HCH与p,p'-DDT容纳能力由大到小分别为沉积物,土壤,水及空气; α-HCH在土壤与沉积物中的储量之和为总储量的97.42%, p,p'-DDT则为99.89%,是其主要的汇区;α-HCH与p,p'-DDT从研究区域迁移消逝的主要途径为水的平流输出,在环境相间迁移过程中,α-HCH的主要迁移途径为水体向大气的迁移,而p,p'-DDT的主要迁移途径为水体向沉积物的迁移;灵敏度分析指出辛醇-水分配系数对数值logK_ow是影响污染物在环境相中浓度分布的最主要因素.     

DDTs在海河干流市区段沉积物/水间迁移行为研究

于2007年8月~2008年3月对海河干流表层水和沉积物中滴滴涕(DDTs)污染状况进行了采样调查.结果表明,海河干流水体DDTs含量为6.88~78.82 ng/L(均值28.54 ng/L),表层沉积物中DDTs含量为5.82~45.5 ng/g(均值21.55 ng/g),表层水和表层沉积物中DDTs主要成分分别为p,p-′DDT和p,p-′DDE.利用稳态非平衡逸度模型计算了p,p-′DDT在海河干流沉积物/水间迁移和分布,模型结果用现场实测浓度进行验证,计算值与实测值吻合很好.模型参数灵敏度分析进一步表明,生物降解速率常数、污染物在悬浮颗粒物/水间分配系数以及水体颗粒物沉降通量是影响p,p-′DDT在沉积物/水间迁移过程的主要因素.     

深圳地区全氟辛烷磺酸的环境多介质迁移和归趋行为研究

为探究全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)在深圳地区的环境多介质迁移和归趋行为,本研究利用LevelⅢ逸度模型,通过输入PFOS的物理化学性质参数和深圳地区环境参数,首先模拟计算了深圳地区大气、水体、土壤和沉积物中PFOS的含量并用实测数据进行验证,其次基于PFOS在各相间的迁移通量分析确定了其主要的迁移途径及归趋行为,最后对模型的输入参数和输出结果分别进行了灵敏度和不确定度分析.结果表明,大气、水体、土壤和沉积物中的PFOS模拟含量分别为1.4 pg·m~(-3)、7.0 ng·L~(-1)、0.39μg·kg~(-1)和0.11μg·kg~(-1),和实测结果较吻合.气相到土相、土相到水相和气相到水相的迁移量分别占PFOS相间总迁移量的32%、32%和5.8%,是PFOS相间的主要迁移途径,而PFOS随水体迁出是其从区域环境迁出的主要途径.大气和水体的平流输入速率、温度、PFOS的水溶性和降雨,以及土壤和沉积物的密度是影响模型输出结果的关键参数.不确定度分析结果则表明PFOS含量在水体中的变异系数最小而在土壤中的最大,这可能是由土壤易于变化的有机碳含量造成的.     

巢湖水域四溴双酚A的多介质迁移与归趋模拟

运用Ⅲ级逸度模型,模拟并研究了不同水动力条件下四溴双酚A（TBBPA）在巢湖水-沉积物系统中各环境相的浓度、储量以及相间的迁移通量.结果表明：TBBPA在水相、再悬浮颗粒相和沉积物相中的模拟计算浓度与实测平均浓度吻合度较高,验证了模型的有效性,并通过灵敏度分析探讨了模拟关键参数.当系统达到平衡时,沉积物是TBBPA最大的储库（占系统总储量86%以上）.同时,由于较强的水动力条件会改变系统再悬浮特征以及降解半衰期等关键参数,进而降低了各环境相中TBBPA的浓度值,增加了水相和再悬浮颗粒相中的储量比例,并增加了水体-再悬浮颗粒、沉积物-再悬浮颗粒的相间交换通量.此外,TBBPA在巢湖水-沉积物系统中损失的主要途径为沉积物相的降解（占入湖总量87%以上）.