典型污染源中多环麝香的污染特征

合成麝香是一类近十多年才引起人们关注的有机污染物.合成麝香广泛分布于环境中.难降解,易生物富集,对水生生物和人体均呈现一定的生物毒性.文章对某一化妆品厂生产车闯内、外及工厂外的上、下风向大气中多环麝香进行了定性定量分析,结果表明,除ATⅡ之外,大气中检测出了五种多环麝香,其中作为对照点的上风向多环麝香总浓度为5.43ng/m3,而工厂室内、外及下风向的多环麝香浓度范围为17.25～5543.4ng/m3;气固分配实验研究发现,超过68.43%的多环麝香分布于气相中.     

德州市采暖季环境空气含氮/硫物质的污染及气-粒分配特征

为探究德州市采暖季环境空气中含氮/硫物质的污染特征、气-粒分配规律及影响因素,对2017年11月10日—2018年3月15日德州市市区环境空气监测站在线离子色谱分析仪监测的水溶性离子及气态前体物质量浓度的小时数据进行了分析.结果表明:①德州市环境空气监测站ρ（NO₃-）、ρ（SO₄2-）和ρ（NH₄+）平均值分别为（18.36±18.55）（12.74±10.92）（9.60±8.75）μg/m3,在2018年1月三者均达到最高值;对比PM_2.5及气态含氮/硫物质的质量浓度发现,ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（SO₂）在2017年12月、2018年1月和2018年2月的月均值均较高,而ρ（SO₂）与ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NH₃）与ρ（NH₄+）均在日间（08:00—17:00）出现波峰.②对颗粒态和气态含氮/硫物质质量浓度日均值进行双变量相关分析发现,ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）、ρ（NH₄+）两两之间的相关系数均高于0.75,表明二次离子的形成机制相似;而ρ（NH₃）、ρ（NO₂）、ρ（NO）、ρ（SO₂）两两之间均不存在显著相关,说明这些气态前体物来自不同的局部排放源.③过剩NH₃指数（F_N）平均值为0.49±0.16,说明采样时段大气处于富氨环境,过剩的NH₃会与气态HNO₃生成NH₄NO₃,因此NO₃-气溶胶的形成主要受HNO₃的影响或限制.④相对湿度是影响ρ（PM_2.5）最重要的气象因素,高湿环境会促进二次离子的转化.研究显示,冬季采暖排放会增加环境空气中含氮/硫物质的质量浓度,气象因素（尤其是相对湿度）对含氮/硫物质的气-粒分配也有一定影响.      

Temperature and Concentration Effects in Biomonitoring of Organic Air Pollutants

Up to now only very few studies in biomonitoring of organic air pollutants have been published taking into account the strong influence mean temperatures have on the accumulation process into plants during the course of the exposition. Temperature governed sorption as well as the plants vitality pose a major source of uncertainty making inter-study comparisons difficult. Different surface-to-volume ratios of plant foliage lead to strongly varying concentration effects in different plant species. Moreover a plants content of waxes and lipids must be considered in order to relate xenobiotic concentrations to the compounds being most efficient in the bioaccumulation process. Some of these factors are evaluated in regard to the use of plants as biomonitors for organic air pollutants. Another aim is to deduce the mean ambient gas phase concentrations from PAH concentrations determined in the biomonitor plants using vegetation-air partitioning coefficients which have been corrected for temperature dependent sorption as well as the plants lipid content. Restrictions of such approaches and methods of biomonitoring in general are discussed.     

Developing sediment quality criteria for heavy metal pollution in the Le An River with equilibrium partitioning approach

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基于单颗粒质谱信息气溶胶分类方法的研究进展

气溶胶质谱仪在对气溶胶颗粒的监测过程中会产生大量单颗粒的化学成分和粒径信息,基于这些质谱数据能够推测颗粒的来源。而对气溶胶来源的分析,很大程度上是由颗粒的种类决定的,故对海量数据的分类就成为不可忽略的步骤。针对气溶胶质谱仪采集到的数据,概述了用于气溶胶分类的多种方法的理论核心、分类步骤及各自的优缺点等。据此可为今后气溶胶分类方法的研究提供建设性意见。     

无锡市大气中类二噁英多氯联苯污染水平

为了了解无锡市大气中类二噁英多氯联苯(Dioxin-like PCBs,DL-PCBs)水平,利用大流量空气采样器在无锡市分别采集了6个气相和6个颗粒相大气样品,气相色谱-质谱(GC-NCI-MS)测定样品中12种类二噁英多氯联苯。结果显示,大气样品中∑_(12)DL-PCBs的总浓度(气相+颗粒相)为1157～2 747 fg/m³,平均浓度为1759 fg/m3,平均浓度为1759 fg/m³。其中,气相的浓度为11 124～2 721 fg/m3。其中,气相的浓度为11 124～2 721 fg/m³,平均值为1 701fg/m3,平均值为1 701fg/m³;颗粒相的浓度为26～143 fg/m3;颗粒相的浓度为26～143 fg/m³,平均值为58fg/m3,平均值为58fg/m³。气相中∑_(12)DL-PCB含量占总量的97%,而颗粒相仅占3%。DL-PCBs的总毒性当量(气相+颗粒相)为2.16～4.47fg TEQ/m3。气相中∑_(12)DL-PCB含量占总量的97%,而颗粒相仅占3%。DL-PCBs的总毒性当量(气相+颗粒相)为2.16～4.47fg TEQ/m³,平均值为3.53fg TEQ/m3,平均值为3.53fg TEQ/m³。DL-PCBs单体中PCB-118的浓度最高,平均占总浓度的54%,其次是PCB-105和PCB-77,PCB+81在所有样品中均未检出。在所有DL-PCBs中,毒性当量浓度的主要贡献者为PCB-126,其平均贡献率为95%,其次为PCB-169,平均贡献率为3%。     

卤系阻燃剂在东江工业水体中的质量浓度及其分配特征

本研究分析了东江工业水体中卤系阻燃剂的浓度,组成分布以及分配特征.结果表明多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是水体中的主要的卤系阻燃剂,占总卤系阻燃剂的41.0%,其质量浓度范围为1 102.3~3 666.9 pg·L~(-1),其中BDE209是颗粒相的主要成分.四溴双酚A(TBBPA)占总卤系阻燃剂的32.4%,其质量浓度范围为1 120.9~2 856.5 pg·L~(-1),其他卤系阻燃剂如十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)、德克隆(DP)和六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)分别占总卤系阻燃剂的16.3%、7.3%和3.0%,其质量浓度范围分别为397.7~1 736.8、235.7~778.1和9.5~266.8 pg·L~(-1).在对水体溶解相和颗粒相分配的研究中发现,PBDEs、DBDPE、DP和HBCDs主要存在于水体颗粒相中,而TBBPA由于其较大的水溶性,主要存在于溶解相中;卤系阻燃剂的lgK_(oc)与lgK_(ow)之间存在显著的相关性,但是lgK_(oc)实测值与其理论预测值有一定差异,这可能是受控于悬浮颗粒(SPM)含量和溶解有机碳(DOC)含量这两个因素,此外,颗粒相和溶解相之间分配是否达到平衡也是影响测量lg Koc值的因素.     

Partitioning of metals in a degraded acid sulfate soil landscape: influence of tidal re-inundation

The oxidation and acidification of sulfidic soil materials results in the re-partitioning of metals, generally to more mobile forms. In this study, we examine the partitioning of Fe, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn in the acidified surface soil (0-0.1 m) and the unoxidised sub-soil materials (1.3-1.5 m) of an acid sulfate soil landscape. Metal partitioning at this acidic site was then compared to an adjacent site that was previously acidified, but has since been remediated by tidal re-inundation. Differences in metal partitioning were determined using an optimised six-step sequential extraction procedure which targets the “labile”, “acid-soluble”, “organic”, “crystalline oxide”, “pyritic” and “residual” fractions. The surficial soil materials of the acidic site had experienced considerable losses of Cr, Cu, Mn and Ni compared to the underlying parent material due to oxidation and acidification, yet only minor losses of Fe and Zn. In general, the metals most depleted from the acidified surface soil materials exhibited the greatest sequestration in the surface soil materials of the tidally remediated site. An exception to this was iron, which accumulated to highly elevated concentrations in the surficial soil materials of the tidally remediated site. The “acid-soluble”, “organic” and “pyritic” fractions displayed the greatest increase in metals following tidal remediation. This study demonstrates that prolonged tidal re-inundation of severely acidified acid sulfate soil landscapes leads to the immobilisation of trace metals through the surficial accumulation of iron oxides, organic material and pyrite.     

EFFECT OF SOIL STERILIZATION BY MERCURIC CHLORIDE ON HERBICIDE SORPTION BY SOIL

Microbial inhibitors such as mercuric chloride are frequently used to sterilize soil or soil–water slurries in experimental studies on the fate of xenobiotics in the environment. This study examined the influence of mercuric chloride additions to soil–water slurries on the sorptive behaviour of a phenoxy herbicide (2,4-D) in soil. The results demonstrated that mercuric chloride strongly decreased the capacity of the soil to retain herbicides, and that the interference of mercuric chloride with herbicide sorption increased with increasing soil organic carbon contents. Because of the competitive sorption between mercuric chloride and the phenoxy herbicide, we conclude that mercuric chloride may not be a good soil sterilization procedure for use in xenobiotic fate studies.     

Gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric PCDD/Fs in a satellite town in Eastern China

Gas/particle partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient air was investigated in a satellite town in Eastern China from April 2007 to January 2008 comprehending large temperature variations (from 3 to 34 °C, daily average). Molecular weight, molecular structure and ambient temperatures are the three major factors that govern the gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric PCDD/Fs throughout the year. Generally, good agreements were obtained (except for winter) between measured particulate fractions and theoretical estimates of both the Junge–Pankow adsorption model and Harner Bidleman absorption model using different sets of subcooled liquid vapor pressure and octanol–air partition coefficient (K_oa), respectively. Models utilizing estimates, derived from gas chromatographic retention indices (GC-RIs), are more accurate than that of entropy-based. Moreover, during winter, the K_oa-based model using the GC-RIs approach performs better on lower chlorinated PCDD/Fs than that of -based. Furthermore, possible sources of mismatch between measured and predicted values in winter (3–7 °C) were discussed. Gas adsorption artifact was demonstrated to be of minor importance for the phenomena observed. On the other hand, large deviations of slopes (m_r) and intercepts (b_r) in logK_p vs. plots from theoretical values are observed in the literature data and these are found to be linearly correlated with ambient temperatures (P<0.001) in this study. This indicates that the non-equilibrium partitioning of PCDD/Fs in winter may be significantly influenced by the colder temperatures that may have slowed down the exchange between gaseous and particulate fractions.