水处理用活性炭改性研究

利用锆和氯化十六烷基三甲铵共同改性活性炭,制备一种新型去除污水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的水处理吸附剂,并考察吸附剂加量、反应温度、pH值、共存阴离子等影响因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:锆-氯化十六烷基三甲铵改性活性炭(Zr-CTAC-AC)吸附剂适用于硝酸盐和磷酸盐浓度在100mg/L以下的污水,随着Zr-CTAC-AC加量的增加,硝酸盐、磷酸盐去除率逐渐增加,单位吸附量逐渐下降,Zr-CTAC-AC加量为8g/L时,硝酸盐去除率为79%,Zr-CTAC-AC加量为4.0g/L时,磷酸盐去除率可达91%,但应在较低的pH值范围内使用;反应温度对Zr-CTAC-AC的吸附效果影响不大;共存Cl-、HCO3^-和SO4^2-可使硝酸盐的吸附率降低,但对磷酸盐吸附率影响较小;1mol/L NaCl溶液可使吸附到Zr-CTAC-AC表面的硝酸盐90.9%左右被解吸出来,1mol/L NaOH溶液可使吸附到Zr-CTAC-AC表面的磷酸盐78.4%左右被解吸出来。Zr-CTAC-AC能够有效去除污水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐,制备方法简单,且可循环利用,处理成本低。     

膨润土吸附水中有机污染物的应用进展

论述了膨润土的吸附机理,介绍了膨润土的物理及化学改性方法及其对有机染料废水,焦化废水,烟草废水,煤泥水,含酚类、石油烃类、抗生素废水及微污染水等的处理效果。针对膨润土作为环保吸附剂存在的问题指出了今后的研究方向:1)将研究成果应用于实际废水;2)研究环境友好且效果好的改性工艺及材料;3)研究新的吸附剂制备形式;4)加大膨润土在废气处理上的研究力度;5)研制吸附效果更佳且能处理复杂成分污水的新型复合吸附剂。     

亲水荷电超滤膜的制备及对腐殖酸的分离性能

为改善聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜的抗污染性能和提高对腐殖酸(HA)的截留率,以介孔二氧化硅(MS)为添加剂,采用相转化法制备了亲水性PES/MS复合超滤膜,并对膜表面进行荷电改性.研究了MS对膜的断面结构、表面化学性质和过滤性能的影响,考察了荷电改性PES/MS超滤膜对水中HA的分离性能以及溶液pH值、离子强度和钙离子浓度等因素对荷电膜超滤过程的影响.SEM表征结果显示,MS颗粒在PES/MS复合膜的表面分散均匀,膜孔的连通性改善.亲水荷电改性后,膜表面接触角由68°降至57°,zeta电位由-6.31mV降至-11.45mV,膜对HA的去除率由72%提高到95%,通量衰减率由29.8%减小到4.9%.结果表明,对PES超滤膜进行亲水荷电改性可有效提高对HA的截留率,同时减轻膜污染;另外,溶液的pH值、离子强度和钙离子浓度对荷电超滤膜的过滤性能有较大影响,调节合适的溶液环境可在提高截留率的同时,减轻膜污染.     

Dyes adsorption using a synthetic carboxymethyl cellulose-acrylic acid adsorbent

Removal of noxious dyes is gaining public and technological attention. Herein grafting polymerization was employed to produce a novel adsorbent using acrylic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose for dye removal. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy verified the adsorbent formed under optimized reaction conditions. The removal ratio of adsorbent to Methyl Orange, Disperse Blue 2BLN and malachite green chloride reached to 84.2%, 79.6% and 99.9%, respectively. The greater agreement between the calculated and experimental results suggested that pseudo second-order kinetic model better represents the kinetic adsorption data. Equilibrium adsorptions of dyes were better explained by the Temkin isotherm. The results implied that this new cellulose-based absorbent had the universaiity for removal of dyes through the chemical adsorption mechanism.     

Removal of phosphate from wastewater using alkaline residue

Alkaline residue(AR) was found to be an efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal from wastewater. The kinetic and equilibrium of phosphate removal were investigated to evaluate the performance of modified alkaline residue. After treatment by NaOH(AR-NaOH), removal performance was significantly improved, while removal performance was almost completely lost after treatment by HCl(AR-HCl). The kinetics of the removal process by all adsorbents was well characterized by the pseudo second-order model. The Langmuir model exhibited the best correlation for AR-HCl, while AR was effectively described by Freundlich model. Both models were well fitted to AR-NaOH. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir equation were in following manner: AR-NaOH AR AR-HCl. Phosphate removal by alkaline residue was pH dependent process. Mechanisms for phosphate removal mainly involved adsorption and precipitation, varied with equilibrium pH of solution. For AR-HCl, the acid equilibrium pH( 6.0) was unfavorable for the formation of Ca-P precipitate, with adsorption as the key mechanism for phosphate removal. In contrast, for AR and ARNaOH, precipitation was the dominant mechanism for phosphate removal, due to the incrase on pH( 8.0) after phosphate removal. The results of both XRD and SEM analysis confirmed CaHPO4·2H2O formation after phosphate removal by AR and AR-NaOH.     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residue materials as biosorbents

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, e.g., naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene and pyrene, from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residues was investigated to develop low cost biosorbents for organic pollutant abatement. Bamboo wood, pine wood, pine needles and pine bark were selected as plant residues, and acid hydrolysis was used as an easily modification method. The raw and modified biosorbents were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The sorption isotherms of PAHs to raw biosorbents were apparently linear, and were dominated by a partitioning process. In comparison, the isotherms of the hydrolyzed biosorbents displayed nonlinearity, which was controlled by partitioning and the specific interaction mechanism. The sorpfion kinetic curves of PAHs to the raw and modified plant residues fit well with the pseudo second-order kinetics model. The sorption rates were faster for the raw biosorbents than the corresponding hydrolyzed biosorbents, which was attributed to the latter having more condensed domains （i.e., exposed aromatic core）. By the consumption of the amorphous cellulose component under acid hydrolysis, the sorption capability of the hydrolyzed biosorbents was notably enhanced, i.e., 6-18 fold for phenanthrene, 6-8 fold for naphthalene and pyrene and 5-8 fold for acenaphthene. The sorpfion coefficients （Kd） were negatively correlated with the polarity index [（O＋N）/C], and positively correlated with the aromaticity of the biosorbents. For a given biosorbent, a positive linear correlation between logKoc and logKow for different PAHs was observed. Interestingly, the linear plots of logKoc-logKow were parallel for different biosorbents. These observations suggest that the raw and modified plant residues have great potential as biosorbents to remove PAHs from wastewater.     

碱改性净水污泥对水中氨氮的吸附效能研究

采用氢氧化钠浸渍法改性净水污泥,研究了碱改性净水污泥对水中NH+4的去除性能.同时,考察了模拟废水pH、吸附剂投加量、NH+4初始浓度、吸附温度及吸附时间对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,当pH为弱酸性或中性,投加碱改性净水污泥20 g·L-1时,在室温下对初始浓度为50 mg·L-1的NH+4模拟废水振荡吸附120 min,可达到氨氮排放二级标准.将实验数据分别用吸附等温模型和动力学模型进行拟合,发现净水污泥对NH+4的吸附符合Langmuir模型和二级动力学模型,且净水污泥对氨氮的吸附包括静电吸引和离子交换两种作用机理.     

人工湿地常用生物陶粒基质LDHs覆膜改性及其除磷效果研究

分别利用3种二价金属化合物和3种三价金属化合物,采用水热共沉淀法在碱性条件下对人工湿地中常用的生物陶粒基质进行层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)覆膜改性,并将9种不同类型的LDHs覆膜改性生物陶粒基质和普通生物陶粒基质分别填充于10个垂直流人工湿地模拟实验柱中,进行除磷净化实验.结果表明,9种不同类型的改性生物陶粒基质均能有效提高磷素的净化效果;Zn系LDHs改性生物陶粒对总磷、溶解性总磷、磷酸盐均有很好的处理效果,其中Zn Fe-LDHs、Zn Co-LDHs和Zn Al-LDHs对总磷的平均去除率均在92%以上,对溶解性总磷和磷酸盐的平均去除率均超过95%;其对磷素的净化机理主要集中于物理化学作用,同时还应与其对微生物生长的促进作用有关.     

《大气污染防治法(修订草案)》的若干修改建议

《大气污染防治法》(修订草案)有很多突破,但是针对性、策略性、特色性和可实施性均存在欠缺,需要进一步把生态文明、绿色化、区域协同发展的要求纳入立法目的,体现在体制制度和机制的设计中;理顺立法体例,保证规定的逻辑性;坚持空间管控和多规合一,坚持空气质量目标管理的思路,采取实际大气环境容量和实时排放流量控制相结合的工作模式;明确行动计划与现行环境保护规划、各专项环保规划的关系;理顺监管体制,创新区域联合防治的制度和机制,弥补侵权法律责任和法律救济规定的不足,保持信息公开申请和环境民事公益诉讼提起条件的前后贯通性。只有这样,才能既体现立法修改的必要性和针对性,又体现立法规定的时代性和特色性,展现法律措施的严格性和法律责任的严厉性。     

The ethics of genetic engineering and gene drives in conservation

The ethical issues associated with using genetic engineering and gene drives in conservation are typically described as consisting of risk assessment and management, public engagement and acceptance, opportunity costs, risk and benefit distributions, and oversight. These are important, but the ethical concerns extend beyond them because the use of genetic engineering has the potential to significantly alter the practices, concepts, and value commitments of conservation. I sought to elucidate the broader set of ethical issues connected with a potential genetic engineering turn in conservation and provide an approach to ethical analysis of novel conservation technologies. The primary rationales offered in support of using genetic engineering and gene drives in conservation are efficiency and necessity for achieving conservation goals. The instrumentalist ethical perspective associated with these rationales involves assessing novel technologies as a means to accomplish desired ends. For powerful emerging technologies the instrumentalist perspective needs to be complemented by a form-of-life perspective frequently applied in the philosophy of technology. The form-of-life perspective involves considering how novel technologies restructure the activities into which they are introduced. When the form-of-life perspective is applied to creative genetic engineering in conservation, it brings into focus a set of ethical issues, such as those associated with power, meaning, relationships, and values, that are not captured by the instrumentalist perspective. It also illuminates why the use of gene drives in conservation is so ethically and philosophically interesting.